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31 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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phylogeny |
shows the relationships of organisms |
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What is the purpose of a phylogenetic tree? |
Shows the relationships between organisms based on how we think they evolved (evolution) |
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Are phylogenetic trees the definite history of evolution for different organisms? |
No, theory |
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What is it called when the entire evolutionary history of a group can be traced back to one organism? |
Rooted tree |
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How is an unrooted tree different than a rooted tree? |
Unrooted trees don’t have one common ancestor and the three domains branch off in different directions |
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What is a branch point on a phylogenetic tree? |
Where a split or evolutionary change occurs |
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Basal taxon |
Evolves early on, never breaks off |
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Polytomy |
where more than two branches occur in the same place |
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Sister taxa |
when two lineages branch at the same point |
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Does similar physical appearance always mean species are closely related? What is an example that supports this? |
No, eagle |
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Does the length of a branch on an evolutionary tree indicate anything? |
Doesn’t account for the length of time |
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Does a new branch forming mean that the previous branch or species has ceased to exist? |
no |
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What is taxonomy? |
Science of classifying organisms |
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List the 8 levels of taxonomy from least specific to most specific. |
Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, FamilyGenus, species |
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What are the three domains? |
Eukarya, bacteria, archaea |
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What are the 4 Eukarya kingdoms? |
Protista, fungi, plant, animal |
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Which levels are capitalised and how is the species written? |
Genus is capitalized, species italicized |
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What is binomial nomenclature? |
Two part naming system |
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What is a subspecies? |
Members of the same species that can mate but are separated by geographic or behavioral isolation |
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What are the two options for similar structures? |
Homologous, analogous |
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What are structures that overlap morphologically(in form) and genetically called? |
Homologous structures |
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How does the complexity of two similar features relate to their evolutionary relatedness? |
The more complex, the most related. The more simple, the more unrelated |
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What causes unrelated species to look alike? |
If they evolved under the same conditions; ecosystem, temperature |
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What does analogous mean? |
Structures that has the same function; batwing, insect wing |
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What are homologous and analogous traits? Are structures always both or can they be one or the other? |
It can be one of the two, or both |
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What is a cladistics system? |
A way of organizing organisms into clades |
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What is a clade? |
A group that includes all of the branches from a given point |
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What is a monophyletic group? |
a clade |
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What is a shared ancestral character? |
A trait that all members of a clade got from an ancestor |
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What is a shared derived character? |
A trait that came later that not all members of the clade have, but some do |
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What is the concept of maximum parsimony? |
When scientists assume that events occur in the simplest most obvious way (small steps vs large steps) |
