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188 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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abdomen |
Region below the chest containing internal organs.
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3) abdominal cavity |
Space below the chest containing organs such as the liver, spleen, pancreas, stomach, gallbladder, and intestines; also called the abdomen. Has the peritoneum surrounding the cavity. The kidneys are situated behind (retroperitoneal area) the abdominal cavity. |
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adipose |
Collection of fat cells. Full of fat. |
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anabolism |
Process of building up complex materials (proteins) from simple materials. Anabolism produces proteins such as hormones and enzymes that are important to growth of cells. Anabolism occurs in the endoplasmic reticulum of a cell. During anabolism, small pieces of protein (called amino acids) are fitted together like links in a chain to make larger proteins. Anabolism supports the growth of new cells. ana = up bol = to cast (throw) -ism = process |
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#1 |
Anterior (aka ventral, in bipeds). Front surface of the body.
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cartilage
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Flexible connective tissue attached to bones at joints. E.g. it surrounds the trachea and forms part of the external ear and nose. |
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catabolism |
Process of breaking down complex materials (foods) to form simpler substances and release energy. cata = down bol = to cast -ism = process |
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caudal |
Aka inferior. Below another structure; pertaining to the tail or lower portion of they body.
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1) cell membrane |
Structure surrounding and protecting the cell. It determines what enters and leaves the cell. |
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cephalic |
Aka superior. Above another structure; pertaining to the head. |
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#1 |
Cervical. C1 - C7. |
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chondroma |
Benign tumor. |
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chondrosarcoma |
Malignant tumor. The root "sarc" indicates that the malignant tumor arises from a type of flesh or connective tissue. |
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3) chromosome |
Rod-shaped structures in the nucleus that contain regions of DNA called genes. There are 46 chromosomes (23 pairs) in every cell except for the egg and sperm cells, which contain only 23 individual, unpaired chromosomes. These nuclear structures absorb the color of dyes used to stain the cell. The suffix "-somes" means bodies. Literally, this term means "bodies of color," because this is how they appeared to researchers who first saw them under the microscope. |
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#5 |
Coccygeal. Contains the coccyx. |
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coccyx |
Aka tailbone. Four fused pieces making one small bone. |
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1) cranial cavity |
Space in the head containing the brain and surrounded by the skull. Contains brains, pituitary gland, etc. |
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craniotomy |
To cut into the skull. |
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4) cytoplasm |
All the material that is outside the nucleus and yet contained within the cell membrane. Contains specialized apparatus to supply the chemical needs of the cell. It carries on the work of the cell (e.g. in a muscle cell, it does the contracting; in a nerve cell, it transmits impulses). cyt/o = cell -plasm = formation |
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deep |
Away from the surface.
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diaphragm |
Muscle separating the abdominal and thoracic cavities. The diaphragm moves up and down and aids in breathing. |
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disk (disc) |
Pad of cartilage and water between vertebrae that serves as a shock absorber. Slipped disk is when a disk moves out of place (rupture) and puts pressure on a nerve, causing pain in an area of the body affected by the nerve. |
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distal |
Far from the point of attachment to the trunk or far from the beginning of a structure.
Pertaining to far or distant. |
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DNA |
Deoxyribonucleic acid. Chemical found within each chromosome. Arranged in sequence of codes. It directs the activities of the cell. |
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dorsal |
Pertaining to the back (same as posterior in bipeds, different meanings for quadripeds). |
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b) endoplasmic reticulum |
Network (reticulum ) of structures (canals) within the cytoplasm. These canals (containing small structures called ribomsomes) are a cellular tunnel system that manufactures proteins for use in the cell (anabolism). Site in which large proteins are made from smaller protein pieces. Anabolism takes place on the ribosomes of the endoplasmic reticulum. |
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epigastric region |
Middle upper region above the stomach.
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epithelial cells |
Lining and skin cells that cover the external body surface and line the internal surfaces of organs. May be square and flat to provide protection. |
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#13 |
Frontal plane aka coronal. Vertical plane dividing the body or structure into anterior and posterior portions.
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genes |
Regions of DNA within each chromosome. |
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histology |
The process of study of tissue.
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hypochondriac region |
Right and left upper regions beneath the ribs.
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hypogastric region |
Middle lower region below the umbilical regions.
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iliac |
Pertaining to the ilium.
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inguinal region |
Right and left lower regions near the groin. Also called iliac regions.
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intervertebral |
Pertaining to things found between the vertebra.
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karyotype |
Picture of chromosomes in the nucleus of a cell. The chromosomes are arranged in numerical order to determine their number and structure. Picture of the nucleus. |
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larynx |
"Voice box." Located at the upper part of the trachea. |
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lateral |
Pertaining to the side.
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lumbar region |
Right and left middle regions near the waist.
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lumbosacral |
Pertaining to the body at the lower back.
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medial |
Pertaining to the middle or near the medial plane of the body.
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mediastinum |
Centrally located space outside of and between the lungs. It contains the heart, aorta, trachea, esophagus, thymus gland, bronchial tubes, and many lymph nodes. |
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metabolism |
The total of the chemical processes (i.e. anabolism and catabolism) in a cell. It includes catabolism and anabolism. Complex foods (sugar and fat) are broken down into simpler substances and energy is released. In this way, catabolism provides the energy for cells to do the work of the body. meta = change bol = to cast -ism = process Literally, to cast (bol/o) a change (meta-), meaning the chemical changes (processes) that occur in a cell. |
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a) mitochondria |
Structures in the cytoplasm in which foods are burned (in the presence of oxygen) to release energy. Catabolism takes place in mitochondria. |
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nucleic |
Pertaining to the nucleus.
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2) nucleus |
Control center of the cell. It contains chromosomes and directs the activities of the cell. Determines structure and function of the cell. |
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4) pelvic cavity |
Space below the abdomen containing portions of the intestines, rectum, urinary bladder, urethra, ureters, and reproductive organs. |
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peritoneum |
Double-layered membrane surrounding the abdominal organs. Surrounds abdominal viscera (liver, intestines, stomach). |
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pharynx |
Throat. The pharynx serves as the common passageway for food (From the mouth going to the esophagus) and air (from the nose to the trachea). |
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pituitary gland |
Endocrine gland at the base of the brain. |
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pleura |
Double-folded membrane that surrounds the lungs and protects them. If the pleura is inflamed (as in pleuritis, also called pleurisy), the pleural cavity may fill with fluid. |
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pleural cavity |
Space between the folds of the pleura surrounding each lung. |
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#2 |
Posterior (aka dorsal, in bipeds). Back surface of the body.
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prone |
Lying on the belly (face down, palms down).
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proximal |
Near the point of attachment to the trunk or near the beginning of a structure. |
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#4 |
Sacral. S1 - S5. Fused together to form sacrum.
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sacrum |
The five sacral vertebrae fused to form the sacrum.
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#14 |
Sagittal plane aka lateral. Lengthwise, vertical plane dividing the body or structure into right and left sides. From the Latin 'sagitta', meaning arrow. The midsagittal plane divides the body into right and left halves. |
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sarcoma |
Mass of flesh. |
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5) spinal cavity |
Space within the spinal column (backbones) and containing the spinal cord. Also call the spinal canal. |
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spinal column |
Bone tissue surrounding the spinal cavity. |
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spinal cord |
Nervous tissue within the spinal cavity. |
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superficial |
On the surface.
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supine |
Lying on the back (face up, palms up). |
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2) thoracic cavity |
Space in the chest containing the heart, lungs, bronchial tubes, trachea, esophagus, etc. Divided into two smaller cavities: Pleural cavity and mediastinum. |
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thoracotomy |
Cutting into the chest.
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thyroid gland |
Endocrine gland that surrounds the trachea in the neck. |
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trachea |
"Windpipe." Tube leading from the throat to the bronchial tubes. |
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tracheal |
Pertaining to the trachea.
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#15 |
Transverse plane (aka cross-sectional or axial). Horizontal plane dividing the body into upper and lower portions. (CT [computed tomography] scan is one of a series of x-ray pictures taken in the transverse plane) |
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umbilical region |
Central region near the navel.
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ureter |
One of two tubes, each leading from a single kidney to the urinary bladder. |
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urethra |
Tube from the urinary bladder to the outside of the body. |
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uterus |
The womb. The organ that holds the embryo/fetus as it develops. |
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ventral |
Pertaining to the front (same as dorsal in bipeds, different meaning for quadripeds). |
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vertebra |
Single backbone.
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vertebrae |
Backbones.
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vertebral |
Pertaining to the vertebra
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viscera |
Internal organs. viscus singular of viscera |
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visceral |
Pertaining to the internal organs.
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abdomin/o |
abdomen
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adip/o |
fat
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anter/o |
front |
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bol/o |
to cast (throw) |
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cervic/o |
neck (of the body or of the uterus) |
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chondr/o |
cartilage (type of connective tissue) |
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chrom/o |
color
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coccyg/o |
coccyx (tailbone)
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crani/o |
skull
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cyt/o |
cell
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dist/o |
far, distant
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dors/o |
back portion of the body
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hist/o |
tissue |
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ili/o |
ilium
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inguin/o |
groin
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kary/o |
nucleus
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later/o |
side
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lumb/o |
lower back (side and back between the ribs and the pelvis)
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medi/o |
middle
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nucle/o |
nucleus
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pelv/i |
pelvis, hip region
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poster/o |
back, behind
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proxim/o |
nearest
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sacr/o |
sacrum
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sarc/o |
flesh
The root "sarc" indicates that the malignant tumor arises from a type of flesh or connective tissue. |
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spin/o |
spine, backbone
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thel/o |
nipple
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thorac/o |
chest
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trache/o |
trachea, windpipe
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umbilic/o |
navel, umbilicus
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ventr/o |
belly side of the body
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vertebr/o |
vertebra(e), backbones
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viscer/o |
internal organs
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ana- |
up |
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cata- |
down
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epi- |
above
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hypo- |
below
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inter- |
between
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meta- |
change
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-eal |
pertaining to
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-ectomy |
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-iac |
pertaining to
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-ior |
pertaining to
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-ism |
process, condition |
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-oma |
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-ose |
pertaining to or full of
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-plasm |
formation
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-somes |
bodies
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-tomy |
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-type |
classification or picture
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Region 1 |
Right hypochondriac region
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Region 2 |
Left hypochondriac region
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Region 3 |
Epigastric region
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Region 4 |
Right lumbar region
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Region 5 |
Left lumbar region
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Region 6 |
Umbilical region
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Region 7 |
Right inguinal region
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Region 8 |
Left inguinal region
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Region 9 |
Hypogastric region |
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Quadrant 1 |
RUQ
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Quadrant 2 |
LUQ
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Quadrant 3 |
RLQ
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Quadrant 4 |
LLQ
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Division of spinal cord. Neck region. C1 - C7 |
Cervical vertebrae. |
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Division of spinal cord. Chest region. T1 - T12 |
Thoracic vertebrae.
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Division of spinal cord. Lower back (loin) region. L1 - L5 |
Lumbar vertebrae. |
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Division of spinal cord. Sacrum region. S1 - S5 |
Sacral vertebrae. |
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Division of spinal cord. Tailbone region. |
Coccygeal. Includes the coccyx. |
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Plane of the head. |
Vertical plane that divides the body into anterior and posterior portions. |
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Plane of the head. |
Horizontal plane that divides the body into upper and lower portions. |
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Plane of the head. |
Vertical plane that divides the body into right and left portions. |
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histologist |
Specialist in the study of tissues. |
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kind of cell |
Muscle cell. Long and slender and contains fibers that aid in contracting and relaxing. |
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kind of cell |
Nerve cell. May be long and have various fibrous extensions that aid in its job of carrying impulses. |
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kind of cell |
Fat cell. Contains large, empty spaces for fat storage. |
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epithelial tissue |
Located all over the body. Forms the linings of internal organs, the outer surface of the skin covering the body, lines exocrine and endocrine glands. |
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epithelial |
Describes all tissue that covers the outside of the body and lines the inner surface of internal organs.
Originally referred to the tissue on (epi-) the breast (thel/o). |
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muscle tissue |
Voluntary muscle is found in arms and legs and parts of the body where movement is under conscious control. Involuntary muscle, found in the heart and digestive system, etc, allows movement that is not under conscious control. Cardiac muscle is a specialized type of muscle found only in the heart. Contractions of this muscle type can be seen as a beating heart in an ultrasound scan of a six week old fetus. |
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connective tissue |
Includes adipose tissue, cartilage (elastic, fibrous tissue attached to bones), bone, and blood. |
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nerve tissue |
Conducts impulses all over the body. |
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digestive system |
Includes the mouth, pharynx (throat), esophagus, stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas. |
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urinary (or excretory) system |
Includes the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra. |
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respiratory system |
Includes nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchial tubes, and lungs. |
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reproductive system |
Female includes ovaries, Fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina, and mammary glands. Male includes testes and associated tubes, urethra, penis, and prostate gland. |
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endocrine system |
Includes the thyroid gland, pituitary gland, sex glands (ovaries and testes), adrenal glands, pancreas (islets of Langerhans), and parathyroid glands. |
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nervous system |
Includes the brain, spinal cord, nerves, and collections of nerves. |
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circulatory system |
Includes the heart, blood vessels, lymphatic vessels and nodes, spleen, and thymus gland. |
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musculoskeletal system |
Includes muscles, bones, and joints.
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system of skin and sense organs |
Includes skin, hair, nails, sweat glands, and sebaceous (oil) glands Includes eye, ears, nose, and tongue. |
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crainial |
Pertaining to the skull. |
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pelvic |
Pertaining to the pelvis (composed of the hip bones surrounding the pelvic cavity). |
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periosteum |
Membrane covering bone. |
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meninges |
Membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord. |
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abdominopelvic cavity |
Refers to the abdominal and pelvic cavities together since they are not separated by a wall. |
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#1 |
Right hypochondriac region: right upper region below (hypo-) the cartilage (chondr/o) of the ribs that extend over the abdomen. |
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#2 |
Left hypochondriac region: left upper region below the rib cartilage. |
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#3 |
Epigastric region: region above the stomach. |
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#4 |
Right lumbar region: right middle region near the waist. |
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#5 |
Left lumbar region: left middle region near the waist. |
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#6 |
Umbilical region: region of the navel or umbilicus. |
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#7 |
Right inguinal region: right lower region near the groin (inguin/o), which is the area where the legs join the trunk of the body. This region also is known as the right iliac region because it lies near the illium (the upper portion of the hip bone). |
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#8 |
Left inguinal region: left lower region near the groin. Also called the left iliac region. |
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#9 |
Hypogastric region: middle lower region below the umbilical region. |
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Quadrants |
RUQ LUQ RLQ LLQ |
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#2 |
Thoracic. T1 - T12. |
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#3 |
Lumbar. L1 - L5. |
