Chapter 2 Structure And Function Of Cells Of The Nervous System

Front 1

Origin that moves the muscle.

Primary function of the nervous system

Back 1

The brain

Front 2

Neurons that detect changes in external and internal enviroments and sends info about these changes to the central nervous system.

Back 2

Sensory neurons

Hint 2

Light, sound, odor, taste, and contact

Front 3

Neurons located within the central nervous system that controls the contractions of muscle of the secreation of a gland

Back 3

Motor neurons

Front 4

A neuron located entirely within the central nervous system

Back 4

Interneurons

Front 5

Form circuits with nearby neurons and analyse small pieces of the brain with those in other regions

Back 5

Local interneurons

Front 6

Connect circuits of local interneurons in one region of the brain with those in other regions.

Back 6

Relay Interneurons

Hint 6

Perceiving, learning, remembering, deciding, and controlling complex behavior.

Front 7

The brain and the spinal cord.

Back 7

Central nervous system (cns)

Front 8

Found outside these bones and consist of nerves and moat of sensory organs

Back 8

Peripheral nervous system (pns)

Front 9

Nerve cells that info processing and info transmitting elements of the nervous systen.

Back 9

Neurons

Front 10

What are the 4 structures of region for a neuron

Back 10

Soma

Dendrites

Axon

Terminal button

Front 11

The cell body of a neuron, which contains the nucleus

Back 11

Soma

Front 12

A branched, treelike structure attached to the soma of a neuron, receives info from the terminal buttons of another neurons

Back 12

Dendrities

Front 13

Junction between the terminal button of an axon and the membrane of another neuron

Back 13

Synapse

Front 14

The long, thin, cylindrical structure that convey info from the soma of a neuron to its terminal buttons.

Back 14

Axons

Hint 14

Carries basic message aka action potential

Front 15

A neuron with 1 axon and 1 dendrites attached to its soma

Back 15

Bipolar neuron

Front 16

A neuron with 1 axon and many dendrities attached to its soma

Back 16

Multipolar neuron

Front 17

A neuron with 1 axon attached to its soma, tha axon divides, with 1 branch receiving sensory info and the other sending the info into the chemical nervous system.

Back 17

Unipolar neurons

Hint 17

Detect events in our joints, muscles, and interal organs.

Front 18

The butt at the end of a branch of an axon, form synapses, with another neuron, sends info to that neuron.

Back 18

Terminal buttons

Front 19

Has a excitatory and inhibitory effect on another neuron

Back 19

Neurotransmitter

Front 20

Structure consisting principally of lipid molecules that define the outer boundaries of a cell and also constitutes many of cell organelles

Back 20

Membrane

Front 21

The viscous, semiliquid substance contained in the interior of a cell

Back 21

Cytoplasm

Front 22

An organelle that is responsible for extracting energy from nutrients

Back 22

Mitochondria

Hint 22

Breaks down nutrients such as glucose and provide cell with energy

Front 23

What does mitrochondria produces?

Back 23

Adenosine triphosphate (Atp)

Front 24

A molecule of prime importance to cellular energy metabolism, its breakdown liberates energy

Back 24

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

Front 25

A structure in the central region of a cell, containing the chromosome

Back 25

Nucleus

Front 26

A strand of DNA, with associated proteins, found in the nucleus, carries genetic information

Back 26

Chromosome

Hint 26

Important function: recipes for making proteins

Front 27

A long, complex macromolecule consisting of 2 interconnected jelical strains of DNA constitute the chromosome

Back 27

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

Front 28

The functional unit of the chromosome, which directs synthesis of 1 or more protein

Back 28

Gene

Front 29

Support structure formed of microtubles and other protein fibers that are linked to each other and form a cohesive mass that gives a cell shape.

Back 29

Cytoskeleton

Front 30

A molecule that controls a chemical reaction, combining 2 substance or breaking a substance into 2 parts

Back 30

Enzymes

Hint 30

Causes molecules to join together or split apart

Front 31

An active process by which substance are propelled along microtubules that run the length of the axon

Back 31

Axoplasmic transort

Front 32

Long strands of bundles of protein filaments arrange around a hollow core, part of the cytoskeleton and involved in transporting substance from place to place with in the cell.

Back 32

Microtubules

Hint 32

Serves as a railroad track, guiding substances that are being transported

Front 33

Movement from the soma to the terminal buttons .

"towards the front"

Back 33

Anterograde Axoplasmic transport

Front 34

Carries substance from the terminal buttons back to the soma

Back 34

Retrograde axoplasmic transport

Front 35

The supporting cells of the central nervous system.

Most important.

Constitutes 85% of the cells of the brain.

Glues the CNS together.

Surronds neurons and hold them in place controlling their supplies of nutrient.

Back 35

Gila

Front 36

What are the 3 types of Gila Cells

Back 36

Astrocyte

Oligodendrocytes

Microgila

Front 37

A gila cell that provides support 4 neurons of the CNS, provides nutrients and other substance, and regulates the chemical composition of the extra cellular fluid

Back 37

Astrocyte

Hint 37

Star shape.

Clean up debris within the brain.

Arms of cells wrapped around blood vessels

Front 38

The process by which cells engulf and digest other cells or debris caused by cellular degeneration

Back 38

Phagocytosis

Front 39

A type of gila cell in the CNS that forms myelin sheaths

Back 39

Oligodendrocytes

Front 40

A sheath that surronds axonsthat insulates them, preventing messages from spreading between adjacent axons

Back 40

Myelin sheaths

Hint 40

80% lipid and 20% protein

Front 41

A naked portion of a myelin axon, between adjacent oligobemdrogloa or schwann cells

Back 41

Node of ranvier

Front 42

The smallest of the gial cell,they act as phagocytes and protect thw brain from invading microorganisms

Back 42

Microglia

Hint 42

Primary responsible for the inflammatory reaction response to brain damage

Front 43

A cell in the peripheral nervous system that is wrapped around a myelinated axon, providing one segment of its myelin sheath

Back 43

Schwann cells

Front 44

A semi-permeable barrier between the blood and the brain produced by the cells in the walls of the brain's capillaries

Back 44

The blood-brain barrier

Hint 44

Makes it easier to regulate the composition of this fluid.

Prevents chemicals from the food we eat from reaching our brain

Front 45

Region of the brain where the blood-brain barrierbis weak, can cause vomiting and posions can be detected here

Back 45

Area postrema

Front 46

Transduce enviromental energy into electric signal. Takes outside energy and translate it to something we can process

Back 46

Receptor neurons

Front 47

Conduct info into the NS and process it

Back 47

Sensory/Afferent neurons(PNS-CNS)

Motor/ efferent neurons(CNS-CNS)

Internerons (CNS-CNS) *COMMUNICATES WITHIN

Front 48

Info conducted back to effectors: muscles(striated, smooth. Cardiac), glands ( exocrine, endocrine)

Back 48

Motor / Efferent neurons

Hint 48

It takes information process information and sends it back out to cause change in body based on feedback

Front 49

What is the structural unit of thr NS

Back 49

Cytology

Front 50

How do the cells conduct and process information?

Back 50

Physiology

Front 51

How are the cells organized into systems?

Back 51

Anatomy

Front 52

Connectiom between neurons, between neurons and muscles or neurons and glands

Back 52

Synapses

Front 53

What are the structual untis of NS

Back 53

10(11) neurons

10(14) synapses

Front 54

Cell body, contain the cellbnucleus and much of the chemical machinery common to most cells.

Internal organelles to make the cell function.

Back 54

Soma

Front 55

Parts od thr neuron that are specialized to receive information.

Info comes though and processed through cell body.

Back 55

Dendrites

Front 56

Long, thing fiber that trasmit signals away from the soma to other neurons or to the muscle or glands.

Info comes through dendrites and passed through to whatever the target is.

Back 56

Axon

Front 57

Insulating material that encases some axons to speed trasmission of signals.

Back 57

Myelin sheath

Front 58

Gaps in myelin sheath that facilitate conduction of electrical impulses. Booster station, if we didnt have them signal would decay overtime and wouldnt be a potent signal

Back 58

Node of ranvier

Front 59

End of axon thatvis usually near other neurons or muscles

Back 59

Terminal arborizations

Front 60

Small knobs that secrete chemicals called neurotransmitters (or nerve chemicals)

Back 60

Terminal buttons

Front 61

A junction where info is transmitted from 1 neuron to another

Back 61

Synapse

Front 62

Space where neuron with migrate across

Back 62

Synapse clift

Front 63

Neurons can be classified according to :

Back 63

Number of axon processes.

Function.

Neurotransmitter used by neurons

Effect of NT (excite something or turn it off)

Front 64

One stalk that splits unto 2 branches

Back 64

Unipolar

Front 65

One axon, one dendrites tree

Back 65

Multipolar

Front 66

One axon, many dendritic branches

Back 66

Mulitpolar

Front 67

What are the effects of NT

Back 67

Excite something or turn it off.

Aka: excitatory vs. Inhibitory

Front 68

Surronds the neuron.

Made of phospholipid bilayer.

Defines boundary of cells.

Back 68

Membrane

Front 69

What are the 4 specialized proteins embedded in the membrane.

Back 69

Receptor proteins

Signal proteins

Channel proteins

Transport proteins

Front 70

Hydrophilic head (phosphate) with hydrophobic tails (fatty acid).

Back 70

Phospholipid bilayer

Front 71

Proteins that are embedded in a membrane

Back 71

Enzymes

Receptors

Ion channels

Pumps

Front 72

End in "ase"

Catalyzes reactions

Rate limiting

Role is high specificity =very particular molecules will interacg with this receptors.

Ex: lock n key

Back 72

Enzymes

Front 73

High specificity to certain classes of molecules.

High affinity-readily binds

Back 73

Receptors

Front 74

2 types

Resting ( open all the time)

Gated ( open and closes)

Back 74

Ion channels

Front 75

Uses energy

Back 75

Pumps

Front 76

Encodes and granscribes mRNA

Contains chromosomes (long strand of DNA. Portions called genes)

Back 76

Nucleus

Front 77

Extracts energy from nutrients

Produces ATP (consumes food and breaks it down)

Back 77

Mitochondria

Front 78

One strand of DNA double helox is used as a temple by the RNA polymerase to synthesize a messanger RNA (mRNA). This mRNA migrates from the nucleus to the cytoplasm

Back 78

Transcription

Front 79

The ribsome binds to the mRNA. Amino acid linled to transfer RNA (tRNA), sequentially bind appropriately mRNA by fprming complementary base pairs with the tRNA. The ribsome mobes along the mRNA adding amino acid until the new protein is formed.

Back 79

Translation

Front 80

System of tubes for transport of material within cytoplasm.

Can have ribsomes (rough ER) or no ribsomes (smooth ER) . With ribosomes, the ER is important for protein synthesis

Back 80

Endoplasmic reticulum

Front 81

Membrane-bound structure important in packaging peptides and proteins into vesicles

Aka: packaging warehouse

Back 81

Golgi apparatus

Front 82

System of transport for materials within a neuron.

Very important 4 health of cell and functioning of cell. Protein issue can cause altimzers

Back 82

Microtubules

Front 83

Supporting cells of nervous system.

Allows neurons to do what it does

Back 83

Gila

Front 84

5 types of Gila supporting cells

Back 84

Astrocyte

Oligodendrocyte

Schwann cell

Microglia

Ependymal cells

Front 85

Provides physical support

Provides nutrients and other substance to neurons.

Regulates the chemical composition of the extracellular fluid.

Phagocytosis

Back 85

Astrocyte

Front 86

Process which cells engulf and digest cells after cellular degeneration.

Afterwards, form scar tissue in vacent area

Back 86

Phagocytosis

Front 87

Forms myelin sheath in CNS

Back 87

Oligodendrocyte

Front 88

Forms myelin sheath in PNS

Neuronal regeneration in the PNS

Provides nutrition for PNS neurons

Back 88

Schwann Cell

Front 89

2 types of glial cells

Back 89

Microglia

Ependymal cell

Front 90

Phagocytosis

Immune function

Back 90

Microglia glial cell

Front 91

Line the ventricles of the brain and the central canal of the spinal cord

Back 91

Ependymal cell glial cells

Front 92

A semi-permeable barrier produced barrier by cells in the walls of the capillaries in the brain.

Tightly joined with no gaps, unlike capillaries in other regions of the body.

Back 92

Blood brain barrier

Front 93

Injected blue dye into animals bloodstream. All tissues of the brain and spinal cord will turn blue. Inject blue dye into animals ventricles of the brain. Only CNS turns blue

Back 93

Paul ehrlich