Chapter 2 Review

Front 1

Biological Psychology

Back 1

The scientific study of the links between biological (genetic, neural, hormonal) and psychological processes. (Some biological psychologists call themselves behavioral neuroscientists, neuropsychologists, behavior geneticists, physiological psychologists, or biopsychologists.)

Front 2

Neuron

Back 2

A nerve cell; the basic building block of the nervous system.

Front 3

Dendrite

Back 3

The neuron's bushy, branching extensions that receive messages and conduct impulses toward the cell body.

Front 4

Axon

Back 4

The neuron's extension that passes messages through its branching terminal fibers that form junctions with other neurons, muscle,s or glands.

Front 5

Action potential

Back 5

A neural impulse; a brief electrical charge that travels down an axon.

Front 6

Threshold

Back 6

The level of stimulation required to trigger a neural impulse.

Front 7

Synapse

Back 7

The junction between the axon tip of the sending neuron and the dendrite or cell body of the receiving neuron. The tiny gap at this junction is called the synaptic gap or synaptic cleft

Front 8

Neurotransmitters

Back 8

Chemical messengers that cross the synaptic gaps between neurons. When released by the sending neuron, neurotransmitters travel across the synapse and bind to receptor sites on the receiving neuron, thereby influencing whether that neuron will generate a neural impulse.

Front 9

Endorhins

Back 9

"Morphine within" - Natural, opiatelike neurotransmitters linked to pain control and to pleasure.

Front 10

Neurotransmitter: Acetylcholine

Back 10

Enables muscle action, learning, and memory.

Front 11

Neurotransmitter: Dopamine

Back 11

Influences movement, learning, attention, and emotion.

Front 12

Neurotransmitter: Serotonin

Back 12

Affects mood, hunger, sleep, and arousal

Front 13

Neurotransmitter: Norepinephrine

Back 13

Helps control alertness and arousal

Front 14

Neurotransmitter: Endorphins

Back 14

Lessen pain and boost mood

Front 15

The neuron fiber that carries messages to other neurons is the
(a) dendrite
(b) axon
(c) cell body
(d) myelin

Back 15

(b) Axon

Front 16

The tiny spaces between the axon of a sending neuron and the dendrite or cell body of a receiving neuron is called the
(a) axon terminal
(b) branching fiber
(c) synaptic gap
(d) threshold

Back 16

(c) synaptic gap

Front 17

The neuron's response to stimulation is an all-or-none response, meaning that the intensity of the stimulus determines
(a) whether or not an impulse is generated.
(b) how fast an impulse is transmitted
(c) how intense an impulse will be
(d) whether the stimulus is excitatory or inhibitory

Back 17

(a) whether or not an impulse is generated

Front 18

When an action potential reaches the axon terminal of a neuron, it triggers the release of chemical messengers called
(a) dendrites
(b) synapses
(c) neural Impulses
(d) neurotransmitters

Back 18

(d) Neurotransmitters

Front 19

Endorphins are released in the brain in response to
(a) morphine or heroin
(b) pain or vigorous exercise
(c) the all-or-none response
(d) all of these answers are correct

Back 19

(b) pain or vigorous exercise

Front 20

Nervous system

Back 20

The body's speedy, electrochemical communications network, consisting of all the nerve cells of the peripheral and central nervous systems.

Front 21

Central nervous system (CNS)

Back 21

The brain and spinal cord

Front 22

Peripheral nervous system (PNS)

Back 22

The sensory and motor neurons that connect the central nervous system (CNS) to the rest of the body

Front 23

Nerves

Back 23

bundled axons that form neural "cables" connecting the central nervous system with muscles, glands, and sense organs.

Front 24

Sensory Neurons

Back 24

Neurons that carry incoming information from the sensory receptors to the brain and spinal cord

Front 25

Motor Neurons

Back 25

Neurons that carry outgoing information from the brain and spinal cord to the muscles and glands

Front 26

Interneurons

Back 26

Neurons within the brain and spinal cord that communicate internally and intervene between the sensory inputs and motor outputs

Front 27

Somatic Nervous System

Back 27

the division of the peripheral nervous system that controls the body's skeletal muscles. Also called the skeletal nervous system.

Front 28

Autonomic Nervous System

Back 28

the part of the peripheral nervous system that controls the glands and the muscles of the internal organs (such as the heart). Its sympathetic division arouses; its parasympathetic division calms.

Front 29

Sympathetic Nervous System

Back 29

the division of the autonomic nervous system that arouses the body, mobilizing its energy in stressful situations.

Front 30

Parasympathetic Nervous System

Back 30

the division of the autonomic nervous system that calms the body, conserving its energy

Front 31

Reflex

Back 31

a simple, automatic response to a sensory stimulus, such as the knee-jerk response.

Front 32

The autonomic nervous system controls internal functions, such as heart rate and glandular activity. The word autonomic means
(a) calming
(b) voluntary
(c) self-regulating
(d) arousing

Back 32

(c) self-regulating

Front 33

The sympathetic nervous system arouses us for action and the parasympathetic nervous system calms us down. Together, the two systems make up the
(a) autonomic nervous system
(b) somatic nervous system
(c) central nervous system
(d) peripheral nervous system

Back 33

(a) autonomic nervous system

Front 34

The neurons of the spinal cord are part of the
(a) somatic nervous system
(b) central nervous system
(c) autonomic nervous system
(d) peripheral nervous system

Back 34

(b) central nervous system

Front 35

Endocrine system

Back 35

The body's "slow" chemical communication system; a set of glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream.

Front 36

Hormones

Back 36

Chemical messengers that are manufactured by the endocrine glands, travel through the bloodstream, and affect other tissues.

Front 37

Adrenal glands

Back 37

a pair of endocrine glands that sit just above the kidneys and secrete hormones (epinephrine and norepinephrine) that help arouse the body in times of stress

Front 38

Pituitary gland

Back 38

the endocrine system's most influential gland. Under the influence of the hypothalamus, the pituitary regulates growth and controls other endocrine glands.

Front 39

The most influential gland, known as the master gland, is the
(a) pituitary
(b) hypothalamus
(c) kidney
(d) adrenal

Back 39

(a) pituitary

Front 40

__________ secrete(s) epinephrine and norepinephrine, helping to arouse the body during times of stress
(a) Adrenal glads
(b) The pituitary gland
(c) The hypothalamus
(d) Neurotransmitters

Back 40

(a) Adrenal gland

Front 41

Lesion

Back 41

Tissue destruction. A brain lesion is a naturally or experimentally caused destruction of brain tissue.

Front 42

Brainstem

Back 42

The oldest part and central core of the brain, beginning where the spinal cord swells as it enters the skull; the brainstem is responsible for automatic survival functions.

Front 43

Electroencephalogram (EEG)

Back 43

An amplified recording of the waves of electrical activity that sweeps across the brains surface. These waves are measured by electrodes placed on the scalp.

Front 44

PET (positron emission tomography) scan

Back 44

a visual display of brains activity that detects where a radioactive form of glucose goes while the brain performs a given task.

Front 45

MRI (magnetic resonance imaging)

Back 45

A technique that used magnetic fields and radio waves to produce computer-generated images of soft tissue. MRI scans show brain anatomy.

Front 46

fMRI (functional MRI)

Back 46

a technique for revealing bloodflow and, therefore, brain activity y comparing successive MRI scans. fMRI scan show brain function.

Front 47

medulla

Back 47

The base of the brainstem; controls heartbeat and breathing.

Front 48

Thalamus

Back 48

The brain's sensory switchboard, located on top of the brainstem; it directs messages to the sensory receiving areas in the cortex and transmits replies to the cerebellum and medulla.

Front 49

Reticular formation

Back 49

a nerve network in the brainstem that plays an important role in controlling arousal

Front 50

Cerebellum

Back 50

the "little brain" at the rear of the brainstem; functions include some nonverbal learning, processing sensory input, and coordinating movement output and balance.

Front 51

The brainstem is the oldest and innermost region of the brain. The part of the brainstem that controls heartbeat and breathing is the
(a) Cerebellum
(b) Medulla
(c) Cortex
(d) thalamus

Back 51

(b) Medulla

Front 52

The thalamus receives information from the sensory neurons and routes it to the higher brain regions that control senses. The thalamus, functions like a
(a) memory bank
(b) balance center
(c) breathing regulator
(d) switchboard

Back 52

(d) Switchboard

Front 53

The lower brain structure that governs arousal is the
(a) spinal cord
(b) cerebellum
(c) reticular formation
(d) medulla

Back 53

(c) reticular formation

Front 54

The part of the brain that coordinates voluntary movement is the
(a) cerebellum
(b) medulla
(c) thalamus
(d) reticular formation

Back 54

(a) cerebellum

Front 55

Amygdala [uh-MIG-duh-la]

Back 55

two limabean-sized neural clusters in the limbic system; linked to emotion.

Front 56

Hypothalamus

Back 56

a neural structure lying below the thalamus; it directs several maintenance activities (eating, drinking, body temperature), helps govern the endocrine system via the pituitary gland, and is linked to emotion and reward.

Front 57

Cerebral cortex

Back 57

the intricate fabric of interconnected neural cells covering the cerebral hemispheres; the body's ultimate control and information processing center

Front 58

Frontal lobes

Back 58

Portion of the cerebral cortex lying just behind the forehead; involved in speaking and muscle movements and in making plans and judgements

Front 59

Parietal lobes

Back 59

portion of the cerebral cortex lying at the top of the head and toward the rear; receives sensory input for touch and body position.

Front 60

Occipital lobes

Back 60

Portion of the cerebral cortex lying at the back of the head; includes areas that receive information from the visual fields.

Front 61

Temporal lobes

Back 61

portion of the cerebral cortex lying roughly above the ears; includes the auditory areas, each receiving information primarily from the opposite ear.

Front 62

Sensory cortex

Back 62

Area at the front of the parietal lobes that registers and processes body touch and movement sensations

Front 63

Association areas

Back 63

Areas of the cerebral cortex that are not involved in primary motor or sensory functions; rather, they are involved in higher mental functions such as learning, remembering, thinking, speaking, and integrating information.

Front 64

Aphasia

Back 64

Impairment of language, usually caused by left-hemisphere damage either to Broca's area (impairing speaking) or to Wernicke's area (impairing understanding).

Front 65

Broca's area

Back 65

controls language expression; an area of the frontal lobe, usually in the left hemisphere that directs muscle movements involved in speech.

Front 66

Wernicke's area

Back 66

Controls language reception; a brain area, usually in the left temporal lobe, that is involved in language comprehension and expression.

Front 67

If a neurosurgeon stimulated your right motor cortex, you would most likely
(a) see light
(b) hear a sound
(c) feel a touch on your right arm
(d) move your left left

Back 67

(d) Move your left leg

Front 68

Which of the following body regions has the greatest representation in the sensory cortex?
(a) Knees
(b) Toes
(c) Forehead
(d) Thumb

Back 68

(d) Thumb

Front 69

The "uncommitted" areas that make up about three-fourths of the cerebral cortex are called
(a) occipital lobes
(b) fissures
(c) association areas
(d) wernicke's area

Back 69

(c) Association areas

Front 70

Judging and planning are enabled by the __________ lobes

Back 70

(c) Frontal

Front 71

Plasticity

Back 71

The brains ability to change, especially during childhood, by reorganizing after damage or by building new pathways based experience.

Front 72

Neurogenesis

Back 72

The formation of new neurons

Front 73

Corpus callosum

Back 73

the large band of neural fibers connecting the two brain hemispheres and carrying messages between them

Front 74

Split Brain

Back 74

a condition resulting from surgery that isolates the brain's two hemispheres by cutting the fibers (mainly those of the corpus callosum) connecting them.

Front 75

Plasticity-the brain's ability to reorganize itself after damage--is especially evident in the brains of
(a) split-brain patients
(b) young adults
(c) young children
(d) right-handed people

Back 75

(c) young children

Front 76

An experimenter flashes the word HERON across the visual field of a man whose corpus callosum has been severed. HER is transmitted to his right hemisphere and ON to his left hemisphere. When asked to indicate what he saw, the man
(a) says he saw HER but points to ON.
(b) says he saw ON but points to HER
(c) says he saw HERON but points to HER.
(d) says he saw HERON but points to ON.

Back 76

(b) says he saw ON but points to HER

Front 77

Studies of people with split brains and brain scans of those with undivided brains indicate that the left hemisphere excels in
(a) processing language.
(b) visual perceptions.
(c) Making inferences
(d) Neurogenesis

Back 77

(a) Processing language

Front 78

Damage to the brain's right hemisphere is most likely to reduce a person's ability to
(a) recite the alphabet rapidly
(b) make inferences
(c) understand verbal instructions
(d) solve arithmetic problems

Back 78

(b) make inferences