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41 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Environment
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Every nongenetic influence, from prenatal nutrition to the people and things around us
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Behavior genetics
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the study of the relative power and limits of genetic and environmental influences on behavior
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Chromosomes
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threadlike structures made of DNA molecules that contain the genes
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DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
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a complex molecule containing the genetic information that makes up the chromosomes
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Genes
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the biochemical units of heredity that make up chromosomes; a segment of DNA capable of synthesizing a protein.
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Identical twins
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twins who develop from a single fertilized egg that splits into two, creating two genetically identical organisms
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Fraternal twins
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twins who develop from separate fertilized eggs. They are genetically no closer than brothers and sisters, but they share a fetal environment
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Temperament
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a person's characteristic emotional reactivity and intensity
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Interaction
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the interplay that occurs when the effect of one factor (such as environment) depends on another factor (such as heredity)
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The threadlike structures made largely of DNA molecules are called
(a) gene complexes (b) nuclei (c) chromosomes (d) cells |
(c) chromosomes
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When the mother's egg and father's sperm unite, each contributes
(a) one chromosome pair (b) 23 chromosomes (c) 23 chromosome pairs (d) 30,000 chromosomes |
(b) 23 chromosomes
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Fraternal twins result when
(a) a single egg is fertilized by a single sperm and then splits (b) a single egg is fertilized by two sperm then splits (c) two eggs are fertilized by two sperm (d) two eggs are fertilized by a single sperm |
(c) Two eggs are fertilized by two sperm
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Adoption studies seek to understand genetic influences on personality. They do this mainly by
(a) comparing adopted children with nonadopted children (b) evaluating whether adopted children's personalities more closely resemble those of their adoptive parents or their biological parents (c) studying the effect of prior neglect on adopted children (d) studying the effect of children's age at adoption |
(b) evaluating whether adopted children's personalities more closely resemble those of their adoptive parents or their biological parents.
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Personality tends to be stable over time. For example
(a) temperament is a product of learning and can therefore be unlearned. (b) temperament seems to be biologically based and tends to remain stable throughout life (c) temperament changes significantly during adolescence (d) fraternal twins tend to have more similar temperaments than do identical twins |
(b) temperament seems to be biologically based and tends to remain stable throughout life
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Evolutionary psychology
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the study of the roots of behavior and mental processes, using the principles of natural selection
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Natural selection
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the principle that, among the range of inherited trait variations, those that lead to increased reproduction and survival will most likely be passed on to succeeding generations
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Mutation
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a random error in gene replication that leads to a change
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Gender
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in psychology, the biologically and socially influenced characteristics by which people define male and female
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Evolutionary psychologists are most likely to focus on
(a) how we differ from one another (b) the links between social expectations and behavior (c) natural selection of the fittest adaptations (d) random assignment of genes over several generations |
(c) natural selection of the fittest adaptations
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Normal levels of stimulation are important during infancy and early childhood because during these years,
(a) a rich environment can override a child's genetic limits (b) experience stimulates the growth of billions of new brain cells (c) experience activates and preserves neural connections that might otherwise die from disuse (d) experience triggers the rapid development and production of human growth hormones |
(c) experience activates and preserves neural connections that might otherwise die from disuse
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Children and youth are particularly responsive to influences of their
(a) peers (b) fathers (c) teachers and caretakers (d) mothers |
(a) peers
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Culture
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the enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, values, and traditions shared by a group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next
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Norm
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an understood rule for accepted and expected behavior. Norm prescribe "proper" behavior.
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Personal space
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the buffer zone we like to maintain around our bodies
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Individualism
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giving priority to one's own goals over group goals and defining one's identity in terms of personal attributes rather than group identifications
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Collectivism
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Giving priority to group goals (often those of extended family or work group) and defining oen's identity accordingly
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Personal space, the portable buffer zone people like to maintain around their bodies, differ from culture to culture. These differences are examples of
(a) genetic variation (b) individual influences (c) cultural norms (d) collectivist influences |
(c) Cultural norms
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Individualist cultures tend to value ___________; collectivist cultures tend to value ____________.
(a) Interdependance; independence (b) Independence; interdependence (c) group solidarity; uniqueness (d) duty to family; personal fulfillment |
(b) Independence; interdependence
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Human developmental processes tend to ________ from one group to another because we members of __________.
(a) be the same; the same ethnic group (b) be the same; the same species (c) differ; different species (d) differ; different ethnic group |
(b) be the same; the same species
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Aggression
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Physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt someone.
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X chromosome
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the sex chromosome found in both men and women. Females have two X chromosomes; males have one. An X chromosome found from each parent produces a female child.
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Y chromosome
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the sex chromosome found only in males. When paired with an X chromosome from the mother, it produces a male child.
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Testosterone
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the most important of the male sex hormones. Both males and females have it, but the additional testosterone in males stimulates the growth of the male sex organs in the fetus and the development of the male sex characteristics during puberty.
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Role
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a set of expectations (norms) about a social position, defining how those in the position ought to behave
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Gender role
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a set of expected behaviors for males or for females
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Gender identity
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our sense of being male or female
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Gender typing
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the acquisition of a tradition masculine or feminine role
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social learning theory
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the theory that we learn social behaviors by observing and imitating and by being rewarded or punished
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A fertilized egg will develop into a boy if it receives
(a) an X chromosome from its mother (b) an X chromosome from its father (c) a Y chromosome from its mother (d) a Y chromosome from its father |
(d) a Y chromosome from its father
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"Gender role" refers to our
(a) sense of being male or female (b) expectations about the way males and females should behave (c) biological sex (d) hormonally influenced differences in brain development |
(b) expectations about the way males and females should behave
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As a consequence of the gender assigned to us by society, we develop a gender identity, which means that we
(a) exhibit traditional masculine or feminine roles (b) are socially categorized as male or female (c) have a sense of being male or female (d) have an ambiguous biological sex |
(c) have a sense of being male or female
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