Chapter 2 Key Terms

Front 1

Acid

Back 1

Substances that dissolve in water to yield hydrogen ions and produce a solution with a pH less than 7

Front 2

Activation Energy

Back 2

the minimum energy required for a chemical reaction to occur

Front 3

Adenosine Diphosphate

Back 3

discharged form of ATP-nucleotide with two phosphoric acid groups- when energy is used from ATP it becomes ADP (phosphate group splits off)

Front 4

Adenosine Triphosphate

Back 4

high energy molecule in mitochondria-three phosphoric acid groups-energy of the cell

Front 5

Amino Acid

Back 5

basic building blocks of peptides and proteins-amino group NH2 and carboxyl COOH-make up proteins when joined together in peptide bonds

Front 6

Anion

Back 6

negatively charged atom or molecule; negatively charged ion

Front 7

Atom

Back 7

the smallest unit of an element that has all the characteristics of the element-consists of positively charged nucleus and negatively charged electrons

Front 8

Atomic Number

Back 8

the number of protons found in the nucleus-in neutrally charged atoms, the atomic number is also the number of electrons

Front 9

Atomic Weight

Back 9

average mass of an atom-protons and neutrons because electrons are too small to contribute

Front 10

Base

Back 10

substances that dissolve in water to yield hydroxyl ions and give the solution a pH greater than 7

Front 11

Carbohydrate

Back 11

essential for all life functions; sugars-quick source of energy and can be stored as glycogen

Front 12

Catalyst

Back 12

substances that induces a chemical reaction by lowering the activation energy required

Front 13

Cation

Back 13

positively charged ion

Front 14

Cellular Respiration

Back 14

the oxidation of organic material to yield energy, carbon dioxide, and water

Front 15

Chemical Element

Back 15

any of 116 substances that can not be separated into smaller substances-the smallest unit of an element is an atom

Front 16

Chemical Equation

Back 16

symbolic representation of a chemical reaction. arrows=direction of reaction, chemical symbols=reactants and products

Front 17

Chemical Reaction

Back 17

process that results in the creation of new chemicals, involves changing the movement of electrons in forming and breaking bonds

Front 18

Chemical Symbol

Back 18

the abbreviation of the name of a chemical element-used to identify the element in the periodic table

Front 19

Chromosome

Back 19

threadlike accumulations of DNA in the nuclei-contains genetic material of the cell

Front 20

Colloid

Back 20

emulsions; heterogeneous mixtures that contain much larger solutes than those found in solutions

Front 21

Compound

Back 21

substance made up of two or more elements

Front 22

Covalent Bond

Back 22

chemical bond in which electrons are shared

Front 23

Decomposition Reaction

Back 23

chemical reaction in which a complex reactant is divided into simpler molecules or elements- opposite of synthesis reaction

Front 24

Dehydration Synthesis

Back 24

combination of two or more simple materials to form one or more complex materials by removing water

Front 25

Deoxyribonucleic Acid

Back 25

referred to as DNA-genetic material of living things, found in strands of chromatin within the nucleus

Front 26

Disaccharide

Back 26

"two sugars", includes sucrose, maltose, isomaltose, and lactose

Front 27

Eicosanoid

Back 27

any group of substances derived from 20 carbon unsaturated fatty acids-includes prostaglandins, leukotrienes, and thromboxones

Front 28

Electron

Back 28

lightweight subatomic particle-carries a negative charge, responsible for chemical bonding

Front 29

Electron Shell

Back 29

the grouping of electrons around the nucleus of an atom-determined by the energy level of the electron-electrons in the outer shell are responsible for chemical reactions

Front 30

Electrostatic Attraction

Back 30

attractive force between two particles of opposite electrical charge-the force is proportional to the magnitude of the charge and inversely proportional to the distance between particles

Front 31

Enzyme

Back 31

specialized globular protein that carries out and/or speeds up chemical reactions by acting like a catalyst-specific enzymes are exclusive to specific reactions-they are never used up or destroyed in this process

Front 32

Exchange Reaction

Back 32

chemical reaction in which chemical substances exchange molecules or elements to form different chemical substances-its a combination of decomposition and synthesis

Front 33

Fatty Acid

Back 33

organic compounds (hydrogen, carbon and oxygen)mix with glycerol to form fat-saturated, unsaturated and volatile- all insoluble in water

Front 34

Functional Group

Back 34

unique specific groups of atoms within molecules that are responsible for the characteristic chemical reactions of those molecules

Front 35

Functional Protein

Back 35

complex proteins bearing a spherical shape-highly biochemically active-aka globular proteins

Front 36

Glycerol

Back 36

main component of triglycerides present in all fats-triglycerides are soluble in water and alcohol

Front 37

Glycoprotein

Back 37

compound composed of a carbohydrate, usually in the form of sugar and a protein

Front 38

Hydrolysis

Back 38

basic and prevalent life processes-breaks down more complex materials into simpler ones by adding water-water breaks down into a hydrogen atom and a hydroxyl group which cling to individual parts of the material, thus separating it into two simpler materials

Front 39

Hydrophobic

Back 39

the tendency of a tissue to be repelled by water or to be insoluble

Front 40

Hydrophillic

Back 40

the tendency of tissue to absorb or be attracted to water

Front 41

Inorganic Compound

Back 41

chemical that does not contain hydrocarbon groups

Front 42

Ion

Back 42

an electrically charged atom or molecule- can be positive(cation) or negative (anion)

Front 43

Ionic Bond

Back 43

type of chemical bond formed by the electrostatic attraction between two oppositely charged atoms or molecules

Front 44

Isotope

Back 44

one of two or more atoms having the same atomic number (same number of protons) but different atomic masses ( different numbers of neutrons)

Front 45

Lipid

Back 45

group of fatty or fat like substances that are insoluble in water-alcohol, chloroform and ether however can dissolve them (nonpolar substances)

Front 46

Lipoprotein

Back 46

molecule that contains both a lipid and a protein-function as transmembrane proteins to transport particles across the cell membrane transport proteins for the movement of fat molecules in blood

Front 47

Macromolecule

Back 47

large molecule consisting of smaller units linked together such as a polysaccharides or polypeptides

Front 48

Matter

Back 48

anything that has mass and exists as a solid, liquid or gas

Front 49

Mixture

Back 49

combination of two or more substances-three types: solutions, colloids and suspensions

Front 50

Molecule

Back 50

smallest particle of a substance, composed of two or more atoms, that retain the properties of the substance

Front 51

Monosaccharide

Back 51

simple sugars; single sugar molecules include glucose, galactose, and fructose

Front 52

Neutral Fat

Back 52

a lipid composed of three fatty acids and a glycerol-aka triglycerides

Front 53

Neutralize

Back 53

to cause the pH of a solution to approach 7 (neutral)

Front 54

Neutron

Back 54

subatomic particle with no electrical charge that joins with the protons to make up the mass of the nucleus

Front 55

Nucleotide

Back 55

the combinations of phosphoric acids, pentose sugar (five carbon) and pyrimidine or purine bases that make up nucleic acids

Front 56

Organic Compound

Back 56

compound containing hydrocarbon groups

Front 57

Peptide Bond

Back 57

covalent joining of one amino acid to another to form a peptide

Front 58

Periodic Table of the Elements

Front 59

Phospholipid

Back 59

molecule composed of three parts-phosphorous, fatty acids, and a nitrogenous base-any lipid that contains phosphorous-main components of the cell membrane

Front 60

Polypeptide

Back 60

chains of more than 10 amino acids-aka oligopeptides

Front 61

Primary Structure

Back 61

long chain of amino acids held together with peptide bonds

Front 62

Product

Back 62

the new substance created by the interaction of two or more chemical substances

Front 63

Protein

Back 63

large organic compounds-composed of amino acids held in peptide bonds to form polypeptides-synthesized by all living things and essential for the basic maintenance of animal tissue

Front 64

Proton

Back 64

subatomic particle with a positive charge-makes up mass of nucleus with neutrons-the number of protons defines the atom as a specific element

Front 65

Radioactive Isotope

Back 65

an unstable isotope of an element that decomposes spontaneously by emission of subatomic particles and radiation

Front 66

Reactant

Back 66

substances initially involved in a chemical reaction

Front 67

Ribonucleic Acid

Back 67

nucleic acid used in protein synthesis-differs from DNA because it uses ribose instead of deoxyribose & uracil replaces thymidine- 3 types: transfer, messenger, and ribosomal

Front 68

Salt

Back 68

any ionic compound composed of positively charged cations and negatively charged anions so that the product is electrically neutral

Front 69

Saturated Fatty Acid

Back 69

found in animal fats-no double bonds in their carbon chains and can therefore have the max number of hydrogen-solid at room temperature

Front 70

Solute

Back 70

substances that dissolve in another substance-the component of a solution is present in the lesser amount

Front 71

Solution

Back 71

homogenous mixtures of two or more substances-components can be solids, liquids or gases

Front 72

Solvent

Back 72

a substance in which another substance is dissolved

Front 73

Steroid

Back 73

lipids characterized by a carbon skeleton that contains 4 fused rings-cholesterol, estrogen and testosterone are examples of these in the body

Front 74

Structural Protein

Back 74

proteins that form body structures such as hair and collagen

Front 75

Substrate

Back 75

substance acted on by an enzyme

Front 76

Suspension

Back 76

heterogeneous mixtures containing large solutes that readily separate from the solution when there is no movement of the suspension

Front 77

Synthesis Reaction

Back 77

chemical reaction in which elements or simple molecular reactants are combined into a more complex product-opposition of decomposition

Front 78

Triglyceride

Back 78

glycerol composed of three fatty acids- the main storage form of water-insoluble lipids

Front 79

Unsaturated Fatty Acid

Back 79

breakdown products of fat metabolism- not all chemical binding sites are filled-one or more double bonds-liquid at room temp-one double bond=monounsaturated, more than one double bond=polyunsaturated