Chapter 2 Cards

Front 1

To hold genetics the material must be____

Back 1

stable

Front 2

To make it so progeny cells have the same info as parent cells, the material must_____

Back 2

replicate accurately

Front 3

To adapted and be vary the material must be_____

Back 3

capable of change

Front 4

______ is credited for discovering nucleic acid in 1869

Back 4

Friedrich Miescher

Front 5

_____ are carriers of hereditary info as threadlike structures

Back 5

chromosomes

Front 6

nucleic acid was discovered in_____

Back 6

white blood cells of pus

Front 7

Chromosomes are composed of_____

Back 7

protein and nucleic acids

Front 8

Frederick Griffith used ______ to discover mutation (transforming principal)

Back 8

Streptococcus pneumoniae

Front 9

Oswald T. Avery with colleagues Colin M MacLeod and Maclyn McCarty proved that ______

Back 9

DNA was the genetic material in life by using RNase and DNase

Front 10

Alfred D. Hershy and Martha Chase (1952) proved that_____

Back 10

DNA was the genetic material in life by using Bacteriophages/phages

Front 11

In which a phage infects bacterial cell and produces progeny phages is known as the_____

Back 11

lytic cycle

Front 12

The suspicion of progeny phages is called a_____

Back 12

phage lysate

Front 13

Once the genetic material of a virus has been injected into a host cell, the empty outer shell is called a_____

Back 13

phage ghost

Front 14

Some bacteria don't have DNA as their genetic material, but just_____

Back 14

RNA

Front 15

The monomers of DNA and RNA are called___

Back 15

nucleotides

Front 16

A nucleotide is made up of a five-carbon called____

Back 16

pentose sugar

Front 17

A nucleotide is made up of a nitrogen-containing______

Back 17

nitrogenous base

Front 18

A nucleotide is made up of a phosphate______

Back 18

group

Front 19

Adenine and guanine are ____

Back 19

purines (nitrogenous base that are 9-membered in double-ringed structures)

Front 20

Thymine, cytosine, and uracil is____

Back 20

pyrimidines (nitrogenous base that are 6-membered in single-ringed structures)

Front 21

The combination of a sugar and a base is called a____

Back 21

nucleoside

Front 22

Addition of a phosphate group to a nucleoside is called a_____

Back 22

nucleoside phosphate

Front 23

DNA or RNA nucleotides are linked together by a covalent bond between the P-group and a 3' carbon of a sugar to form a _____

Back 23

polynucleotide

Front 24

Polynucleotides are formed by 5' to 3' phosphate linkages called _____

Back 24

phosphodiester bonds

Front 25

Polynucleotide chains have _____ meaning that the two ends: 5' (phosphate group) to the other 3' (hydroxyl group) end

Back 25

polarity

Front 26

James D. Watson and Francis H. C. Crick proposed a model for the physical and chemical structure of the _____

Back 26

DNA molecule

Front 27

To study the DNA structure Rosalind Franklin and Maurice H. F. Wilkins used an analysis technique was _______

Back 27

X-ray diffraction

Front 28

DNA chains are orientated in opposite directions; 5'-to-3' strand to 3'-to-5' meaning there were _____

Back 28

antiparallel

Front 29

_____ is only seen in conditions of low humidity, short and wide with a narrow, deep major groove and wide, shallow minor groove

Back 29

A-DNA

Front 30

_____ forms under conditions of high humidity and are the structure closest to that of DNA in the cell; thinner and longer also

Back 30

B-DNA

Front 31

______ is right-handed double helix with 11 and 10 bp per turn of the helix

Back 31

A/B-DNA

Front 32

_____ alternating purine/pyrimidine bases in a left-handed and right-handed helixes; 12 bps per helical turn

Back 32

Z-DNA

Front 33

DNA in the cell usually takes the form of _____

Back 33

B-DNA

Front 34

In certain DNA-protein complexes, though, the DNA assumes the____ structure

Back 34

A-DNA

Front 35

_____ has been debated as if it existed, but only in some organisms

Back 35

Z-DNA

Front 36

_____ can be both single and double stranded; both of which are genomes of certain viruses

Back 36

RNA

Front 37

A______ is the full amount of genetic material found in a virus, a prokaryotic cell, a eukaryotic cell, or in one haploid set

Back 37

genome

Front 38

DNA or RNA in found in _____ in viruses

Back 38

pieces

Front 39

In prokaryotes, the genome is in a _____

Back 39

a circular strand of DNA

Front 40

In eukaryotes, chloroplasts and mitochondria had a______

Back 40

single genome of DNA

Front 41

The main genome of eukaryotes is____

Back 41

a haploid set of chromosomes in a nucleus

Front 42

T2, herpesviruses, and geminivirus are example of viruses with ______ genomes

Back 42

double-stranded DNA

Front 43

Parvovirus B19 (infectious redness in children), canine parvovirus, and virulent phage X174 have _____ genomes

Back 43

single-stranded DNA

Front 44

The parvoviruses have ______ genomes

Back 44

linear

Front 45

X174 has a ______ genome

Back 45

circular

Front 46

Reoviruses (upper respiratory tract infections) have ______ genomes

Back 46

double-stranded RNA

Front 47

Picornaviruses and influenza virus have _____ genomes

Back 47

double-stranded RNA

Front 48

Most prokaryotes have a ______ chromosome

Back 48

single, double-stranded, circular DNA

Front 49

Viruses who have more than one chromosome have a non-essential smaller one called a ______

Back 49

plasmid

Front 50

In bacteria and archaea, the chromosome is arranged in a_____

Back 50

nucleoid

Front 51

DNA fits itself in nucleoids by twisting its double helix on its own axis, called______

Back 51

supercoiled

Front 52

The amount and type of DNA supercoiling is controlled by______ enzymes that are found in all organisms

Back 52

topoisomerases

Front 53

Bacterial chromosomes also become compacted because the DNA is organized into_____

Back 53

looped domains

Front 54

The complete set of metaphase chromosomes in a eukaryotic cell is called its ______

Back 54

karyotype

Front 55

The total amount of DNA in the haploid genome of a species is known as the species' ______

Back 55

C-value

Front 56

_____ phase each chromosme is a single structure

Back 56

G1

Front 57

_____ phase the chromosomes fduplicate to produce two sister chromatids joined by the duplicated (not seperated) centromeres

Back 57

S

Front 58

____ phase it is stagnant with the S phase

Back 58

G2

Front 59

____ phase the centromeres separate and the sister chromatids become known as daughter chromosomes

Back 59

M

Front 60

____ is the stainable material in a cell nucleus: DNA and proteins (making up the chromosome)

Back 60

chromatin

Front 61

____ are abundant proteins in chromatin, net + charge, facilitate - charged DNA, organize DNA in chromosomes, and chromatin packing

Back 61

histones

Front 62

_____ are small amounts of proteins that associate with DNA, net - charge, play a role in DNA repair, transcription (regulation), and recombination

Back 62

nonhistones

Front 63

_____histones differ from cell type to cell type, other cells, to other organisms

Back 63

non

Front 64

The basic structural units of eukaryotic chromatin are ______

Back 64

nucleosomes

Front 65

Individual nucleosomes are connected (in chromatin) by strands of ______

Back 65

linker DNA

Front 66

In the "beads-on-a-string" chromatin the nucleosomes are condensed by _______

Back 66

H1 binding

Front 67

After condensed by H1 binding form a ______ chromatin fiber

Back 67

30-nm diameter

Front 68

Chromosomes are packed during within _____

Back 68

mitosis and meiosis

Front 69

_____ is the chromosomes or regions of chromosomes that show the normal cycle of chromosome condensation and decondensation in the cell cycle

Back 69

Euchromatin

Front 70

______ is the chromosomes or regions of chromosomes that replicate later than the rest of the DNA within the S phase; inactive usually

Back 70

Heterochromatin

Front 71

Euchromatin is most condensed during the _____

Back 71

metaphase

Front 72

Heterochromatin is condensed during the _____

Back 72

cell cycle/interphase

Front 73

_____ heterochromatin is present in all cells on both homologous chromosomes of a pair; repetitive DNA and is exemplified by centromeres and telomeres

Back 73

Constitutive

Front 74

____ heterochromatin varies from one homologous chromosome to another, in different cells and developmental stages; very condensed and inactive

Back 74

Facultative

Front 75

____ is a specific sequence on both ends of a chromosome; used for replication and stability

Back 75

telomere

Front 76

____ is a specific sequence on a chromosome that which mitotic and meiotic spindle fibers attach

Back 76

centromere

Front 77

_____ are at the extreme ends of chromosomes, simple sequences and are the essential functional components of telomeric regions; forms t-loops (not complete double strand)

Back 77

Simple telomeric sequences

Front 78

_____ is unknown for use but consist of complex reapeting DNA sequences internal to the telomeric sequences

Back 78

Telomere-associate sequences

Front 79

____ DNA are present in one to a few copies in the genome (two copies per diploid cell)

Back 79

unique-sequence

Front 80

____ DNA are present in a few to about 10^5 copies in the genome

Back 80

moderately-repetitive

Front 81

_____ DNA are present in about 10^5 to 10^7 copies in the genome

Back 81

highly repetitive

Front 82

In prokaryotes most DNA is ____ sequence

Back 82

unique

Front 83

In Eukaryotes most DNA is ____ sequence

Back 83

unique and repetitive

Front 84

____ DNA is consist of repeated unique-sequence DNA, called "families".

Back 84

dispersed repeated

Front 85

G-C has ____ H-bonds

Back 85

3

Front 86

A-T has ____ H-bonds

Back 86

2

Front 87

What type of genetic material exists in Tobacco Mosaic Virus?

Back 87

Single Stranded RNA

Front 88

A+G/T+C = 1 is one of _____ rules

Back 88

Chargaff's

Front 89

The number and visual appearance of the chromosomes in the cell nuclei of an organism or species.

Back 89

karyotype

Front 90

There are at least ____ different RNA molecules in all types of cells

Back 90

3

Front 91

chromosome material that does not stain strongly except during cell division. It represents the major genes and is involved in transcription.

Back 91

euchromatin

Front 92

A nucleoside is composed of a nitrogenous base and a_____

Back 92

pentose sugar

Front 93

When dead S type-smooth and shiny colonies surrounded by a virulent are exposed to an R-type non-virulent, what happens to the mouse?

Back 93

It dies because of the rough transforming into smooth by interacting with the dead smooth type

Front 94

DNA is the _____ agent

Back 94

transforming

Front 95

DNA and RNA are _____ composed of monomers called nucleotides

Back 95

Heteropolymers

Front 96

The pentose sugar in RNA

Back 96

ribose (has a hydroxyl OH group on 2' crabon)

Front 97

The pentose sugar in DNA

Back 97

deoxyribose (has H on 2' carbon postion)

Front 98

Bacteriophage has ____ DNA

Back 98

double-stranded (some single)

Front 99

Reovirus has ____ RNA

Back 99

double stranded

Front 100

Polio virus has ___ RNA

Back 100

single stranded

Front 101

Nucleosome cores are about ___ in diameter

Back 101

11 nm

Front 102

DNA wraps around nucleosome core 1 3/4 times for a ____ fold condensation factor

Back 102

seven

Front 103

Solenoid model form a spiral with ____ nucleosomes per turn

Back 103

6

Front 104

____ loops of DNA attached to a protein scaffold (solenoid model)

Back 104

30-90

Front 105

Each loop (solenoid) is ____ nucleosomes of 30 nm fiber

Back 105

180-300

Front 106

Fully condensed chromosome is ____ shorted and ___ thicker than DNA double helix alone

Back 106

10,000 fold, 400 fold

Front 107

These sequences are similar but not identical, function is conserved

Back 107

CEN Regions

Front 108

Human DNA contains about ___% unqiue seqences

Back 108

65

Front 109

____ have sequences 5 kb or more, that can act as transposons

Back 109

Repetitive LINEs (long Interspersed repeated sequences)

Front 110

____ have sequences that are 100-500 bp long, can be transposons but are dependent

Back 110

Repetitive SINEs (short INterspered repeated sequences)

Front 111

____ sequences are common in eukaryotic genomes, ranging from 1-10 bp, which includes centromere, telomere, rRNA and tRNA genes

Back 111

Tandemly repeated

Front 112

A chromosomal segment that can undergo transposition (transfer of genetic material between organisms other by vertical gene transfer)

Back 112

transposon