Chapter 2

Front 1

Our interpretation of the world around us is determined by two things

Back 1

-the biological structure of our brain
-experience, which modifies the structure of the brain

Front 2

critical preriods

Back 2

periods during which the animal must develope particular responses
-if exposure to the natural environment is limited during critical period for a particular reponse, the animal will fail to develope that ability properly

Front 3

Gaglion Cells

Back 3

-each cell is connected to a collection of neighboring photoreceptors
--g cells will repond only to light that lands on these cells

Front 4

visual field

Back 4

the portion of the world that is visible at the present moment

Front 5

receptive field

Back 5

area of the visual field in which a stimulus will affect the activity of the cell

Front 6

Gestalt psychologists

Back 6

german for "shape"
-uncovered some of the grouping principles that guide the visual system and produce our perception of what goes with what

Front 7

Recognition

Back 7

process of matching representations of organized sensory input to stored representations in memory

Front 8

agnosia

Back 8

-damage to the brain that results in trouble with recognition

Front 9

Visual agnosia

Back 9

When sight is unimpaired but recognition fails

Front 10

viewpoint dependence

Back 10

an object can be viewed from many angles, each of which projects slightly different 2D image on a plane

Front 11

Exemplar variation

Back 11

there are many different instances of each object category
-any object category consists of many possible examples, yet we readily recognize them

Front 12

template matching model

Back 12

useful as long as the template and item to be recognized are almost identical and different from others
-used for fingerprints and barcodes

Front 13

Feature matching model

Back 13

Search for simple but characteristic features of an object, their presence signals a match
-lends itself well to the idea processing is parallel and distributed

Front 14

For feature matching model to work, neurons should show selectivity to

Back 14

the input similar to the features in the model

Front 15

exclusionary model/semiotics

Back 15

requires that a limited set of objects to consider
-the first step is determining which set is to be used

Front 16

recognition by components model

Back 16

-provides method for recognizing 3d objects across variations in viewpoint or exemplars
-objects are generally described according to their parts/spatial relations among those parts

Front 17

geons

Back 17

set of 24 geometric 3d shapes that can be used to represent just about any object

Front 18

priming

Back 18

occurs when a stimulus or task facilitates processing a subsequent stimulus or task-priming "greases the wheels"

Front 19

Configural Models

Back 19

-can deal with limitations of RBC models
-propose objects that share the same common structure are recognized according to the spatial reations among those parts and the extent to which those spartial relations deviate from prototype

Front 20

Configural models help explain how we recognize

Back 20

different individual examples of a category, they have been especially sucessful in the domain of face recognition

Front 21

in configural model, specific faces are described by their

Back 21

deviations from the prototypical face

Front 22

information is interpreted by our perceptual systems relative to

Back 22

context

Front 23

heuristics

Back 23

problem solving shortcuts for making sence of the world, results in perception

Front 24

expected context

Back 24

-may improve recognition
"i'm meeting my friend here"

Front 25

customary context

Back 25

-may improve recognition ("I see you here alot")

Front 26

unexpexted context

Back 26

may impair recognition (why is my cuz from australia here?)

Front 27

inconsistant context

Back 27

may impair recognition (I've never seen you here!)

Front 28

network feedback models

Back 28

the units at different of representation process information at different, and interacting levels of organization

Front 29

the direction of information flow in a network feedback model is

Back 29

feedback because it is presumably a reaction to incoming, bottom up information that in turn tunes earlier stages of the system for better performance

Front 30

probabilistic

Back 30

reflects what has happened often and is therefore likely to happen again

Front 31

bayes's theorem

Back 31

allows you to estimate revers probabilitiy from available probabilities

Front 32

Bayesian approaches

Back 32

previous experience can determine people's perception, we build up expectations based on what we've seen before

Front 33

Most of the time, top down and bottom up systems work _____________

Back 33

together and simultaneously

Front 34

bi-stable perception

Back 34

we can experience both interpretations, but only one at a time

Front 35

nueral networks can model spontaneous alterations by relying on

Back 35

competition and adaptation