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33 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Role of clinical researchers in the field of abnormal psychology
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Try to discover universal laws and principles of abnormal psychological functioning
Do NOT assess, diagnose or treat Use scientific method to find relationships among variables |
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Case Study
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A detailed, interpretative description of a person's life and psych. problems
May offer tentative support or challenge a theory May inspire new therapeutic techniques May offer opportunities to study unusual problems |
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Limitations to a case study
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Biased observers
Subjective evidence (low internal validity) Does not generalize (low external) |
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The Correlational Method
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The degree to which events or characteristics vary with each other
Data is gathered and graphed to find a magnitude of the correlation |
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Advantages/Disadvantages of Correlational Method
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Advantages: can generalize findings, can be easily repeated, allows researchers to make broad conclusions
Disadvantages: results describe but do not explain a relationship, doesn't have the rich detail that case studies have |
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Experimental Method
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def: a research procedure in which a variable is manipulated and the manipulation's effect on another variable is observed
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3 Features of Experimental Method to guard against confounds
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Control group: participants not exposed to IV but whose experience is similar to those getting the Trx
Random assignment: every participant in the sample is as likely to be placed in one group as another Blind Design: participants and/or experiment are kept in the dark to the nature of the study |
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Quasi-Experimental
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alternative experimental design
no random assignment to groups; uses groups that already exist |
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Natural
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Alternative experimental design
nature manipulates the IV and the experimenter observes the effects |
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Analogue Experiment
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alternative experimental design
induces subjects to behave in ways that seem to resemble real life in laboratory settings; often uses animals |
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Single-Subject Experimental Design
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Alternative experimental design
a single participant is observed before and after manipulation of an IV i.e. ABAB (reversal design) |
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Therapies used in the Biological Model of Abnormality
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1. Drug therapy
2. Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) 3. Psychosurgery |
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Drug Therapy
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:1950s
:Four groups of drugs 1. antianxiety (anxiolytics, tranquilizers) 2. antidepressant drugs 3. antibipolar drugs (mood stabilizers) 4. antipsychotic drugs |
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Electroconvulsive Therapy
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:Shock therapy
:Used for depression when drugs and other therapies have failed :patient is unconscious with no pain |
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Psychosurgery
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:Historical roots in trephination
:1930s = first lobotomy : Though more precise now, it is considered experimental and used only in extreme cases |
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How did Freud explain normal/abnormal functioning?
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Caused by 3 UNCONSCIOUS forces that are always in conflict with each other
1. Id: Pleasure principle 2. Ego: Reality principle 3. Superego: Morality principle Normal personality = a compromise exists between 3 forces Abnormal personality = 3 forces are in excessive conflict |
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Ego Defense Mechanisms
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developed by the Ego to control unacceptable Id impulses (i.e. repression: prevents unacceptable impulses from reaching consciousness)
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Psychosexual Stages
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If adjustments thru the stages are successful, they lead to personal growth; if not, fixation occurs
1. Oral: first 18 months 2. Anal: 18 mo - 3 yrs 3. Phallic: 3 - 5 yrs 4. Latency: 5 - 12 yrs 5. genital: 12 - adulthood |
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Behavioral Model
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Is based on the idea that our actions are largely determined by our experiences
Emphasizes observable behavior and environment Focuses on how behavior is acquired thru conditioning and learning |
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Operant Conditioning
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Humans learn to behave in certain ways because they receive rewards or consequences
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Classical Conditioning
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Beings learn to do things thru temporal association
When 2 events happen together, they become fused and evoke the same response |
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Cognitive Model
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Abnormal behavior is the result of people making faulty assumptions and attitudes that are distorted and inaccurate
Also, people may have illogical thinking processes in which they keep arriving at self-defeating conclusions |
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Roger's Humanistic Theory and Therapy
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Theory: basic human need for unconditional positive regard. If positive regard is not received, this leads to "conditions of worth"
Therapy: "client-centered;" therapist gives unconditional positive regard to client by genuinely listening |
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Gestalt Theory and Therapy
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Theory: must help clients achieve self-recognition through challenge and frustration
Therapy: 1. Skillful frustration 2. Role Playing 3. Rules: "I" language; here & now |
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Existential Theories and Therapies
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Theory: dysfunction caused by people hiding from their responsibilities and not realizing that it is up to themselves to give meaning to their lives
Therapy: focuses on client's acceptance of personal responsibility and recognition of freedom of action; emphasizes client-therapist relationship |
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Sociocultural Model and Therapies
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Theory: we must understand a person's social surroundings to understand their abnormal behavior
Therapies: 1. Traditional individual therapy 2. Culturally Sensitive Therapy 3. Group/Family/Couple Therapy 4. Community Trx (i.e. AA) |
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Clinical Assessment
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def: The collecting of relavant info in an effort to reach conclusions
Why? -> To determine how/why a person behaves abnormally & how they can be helped 3 categories: clinical interviews, tests, observations |
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Clinical Interviews
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:The focus of the interview depends on what model the therapist belongs to
:Can be structured (prepared ?s) or unstructured (open-ended) |
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Clinical Tests
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def: Devices for gathering information about a few aspects of a person's psychological functioning, from which broader info can be inferred
1. Projective 2. Personality inventories 3. Response tests 4. Psychophsiological tests 5. Neurological/Neuropsychological 6. Intelligence tests |
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Clinical Observations
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Naturalistic: everyday settings
Analogue: artificial settings Self-monitoring |
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Multiaxial
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Axis I: this class
Axis II: Personality & Mental Retardation (long-standing probs) Axis III: general medical conditions Axis IV: Psychosocial/Environmental problems (incarceration; divorce) Axis V: Global assessment of psychological, social, and occupational functioning (GAF); 0-100 scale; 60-70 = outpatient; below 40 = hospitalization |
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Dangers of Diagnosing and Labeling Mental Disorders
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1. Misdiagnosis, reliance of clinical judgement
2. The issue of labeling and stigma (diagnosis may be a self-fulfilling prophecy) |
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Effectiveness of Treatment
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:Research suggests that therapy is generally more effective than no trx or placebo
:Recent studies have focused on the effectiveness of combined therapies |
