Chapter 2 & 3 - Anatomy

Front 1

Water

Back 1

- a polar molecule

- 60-80% of our body --> most abundant compound in the body

Front 2

Water high heat capacity

Back 2

- water can absorb and release large amounts of energy before changing in temperature, this is important because it helps us maintain body temp

Front 3

Water high heat of vaporization

Back 3

- takes a lot of energy to change water from a liquid to a gas (steam)

- important in assisting us with cooling down --> sweat mechanism

Front 4

Sweat

Back 4

- sweat (mostly water) comes onto the surface of skin as a liquid --> liquid evaporates off the skin and carries heat away with it --> we cool down

Front 5

Water polarity

Back 5

- makes it a very good solvent, helps to transport substances around the body

- makes 50% of our blood volume

Front 6

Decomposition reaction

Back 6

- "hydrolysis reaction"

- when we break down foods we eat with hydrolysis which means a molecule of water is added during digestion

ex: A + B --> (H2O added here) AB

Front 7

Synthesis reaction

Back 7

- "dehydration reaction"

- when we make larger more complex molecules, a molecule of water is removed

ex: A + B --> (H2O removed) AB

Front 8

Cushioning

Back 8

-water has cushioning properties

- cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is most water, surrounds the brain and spinal cord --> provides protection and cushioning of those organs

Front 9

Salts

Back 9

- are ionic compounds

- always have a cation (metal) and an anion (nonmetal), these are also called electrolytes

Front 10

Acids and bases

Back 10

- acids are substances that produce a lot of hydrogen ions when they're dissolved in H2O (H+)

- bases are substances that produce a lot of hydroxide ions when they're dissolved in H2O (OH-)

Front 11

pH

Back 11

- potential hydrogen or power of hydrogen

- we use the pH scale to measure the amount of hydrogen ions in a substance

Front 12

pH scale

Back 12

0 (ACIDIC) <--------------- 7 --------------->14 (BASIC)

- 0 = most acidic

- 7 = neutral

-14 = most basic

Front 13

blood pH

Back 13

must be maintained between 7.35- 7.45

Front 14

Buffer

Back 14

-maintain blood pH in the optimal range

- buffers either release hydrogen ions when blood is too basic or binds to hydrogen ions when blood is too acidic

Front 15

Organic molecules we need to survive

Back 15

- carbohydrates

- lipids

-proteins

- nucleic acids (DNA, RNA)

Front 16

Carbohydrates

Back 16

- used for quick, short term energy

- carbohydrates consist of simple sugars (monosaccharides)

Front 17

Simple carbohydrates

Back 17

- less than 7 carbons in their chain

- monosaccharides (1 sugar)

- disaccharides (2 sugars)

-sweet tasting, lack other nutrients

-can be easily broken down

Front 18

Complex carbohydrates

Back 18

-more than 7 carbons in their chain

- polysaccharides (many sugars)

- not sweet tasting

- hard to break down

- energy stored in plant and animals

Front 19

Cellulose

Back 19

a complex carbohydrate found specifically in the cell walls of all plants

- we can't digest cellulose because we don't have the enzyme to --> travels through digestive tract instead as fiber & is excreted through feces

Front 20

Fiber

Back 20

important because it adds bulk to feces and keeps it moving through digestive tract

Front 21

Lipids

Back 21

-fats and oils

- lots of energy per gram, great storage molecules

- contains a lot of carbons and hydrogens but not a lot of oxygens

- contain fatty acids and glycerol

Front 22

Functions of lipids

Back 22

- energy storage

- insulation (layer of fat under skin)

- cushioning/protection for some organs

- sex hormones are lipids- estrogen, testosterone -> steroids

- cell membranes have 2 layers of phospholipids

Front 23

Saturated fats

Back 23

- carbon chain is full of hydrogens

- solid at room temp (butter)

- contribute to build up of plaque in blood vessels

Front 24

Unsaturated fats

Back 24

- carbon chain doesn't have all the hydrogens it can hold

- liquid at room temp (oils)

- healthier for you

Front 25

Steroids

Back 25

type of lipid that contain 4-5 fused carbon rings (instead of a chain of fatty acids)

Front 26

Proteins

Back 26

have many different functions in the body

- are made up of amino acids linked together by peptide bonds

Front 27

Functions of proteins

Back 27

- skin, hair, nails

- muscle fibers

- hemoglobin in blood for carrying O2

- antibodies

- enzymes

- some hormones

- can transfer substances in & out of cells

Front 28

4 protein structures

Back 28

1) primary protein structure

2) secondary protein structure

3) tertiary protein structure

4) quaternary protein structure

Front 29

Primary protein structure

Back 29

- refers to the sequence of the amino acids in the peptide chain

ex: - 1 -2 - 3 - 4 --> is a specific protein with a specific function

- 3 - 2 - 4 - 1 --> a different protein with different function

Front 30

Secondary protein structure

Back 30

- refers to the different forms/shapes a chain can make (coils, folds and spirals)

Front 31

Tertiary protein structure

Back 31

- refers to the proteins final 3 dimensional shape

(globular, ball like molecule)

Front 32

Quaternary protein structure

Back 32

-refers to a structure of a more complex protein when 2 or more peptide chains are interacting

Front 33

Denaturing a protein

Back 33

- process in which the protein structure is changed irreversibly

- structure changes --> function is lost

- exposing a protein to high heat or acidity will denature it

ex: frying an egg, adding vinegar to milk

Front 34

Enzymes

Back 34

- are also proteins

- our biological catalysts --> speed up chemical reactions in our body

- each enzyme is chemically specific

Front 35

Naming an enzyme

Back 35

- taking the root of a substance involved in the reaction and adding the suffix "ase" to the root

ex: - hydrolase: enzyme that adds water molecule during hydrolysis reaction

- lactase: enzyme that breaks down lactose

- lipase: enzymes that breaks down lipids

Front 36

ATP - adenosine triphosphate

Back 36

- what we use for energy in the body

- mitochondria produces most of our ATP

- we use ATP for: muscle contraction, nerve impulse conduction and transporting substances

Front 37

Cellular respiration

Back 37

- organic molecules (glucose, fatty acids, & amino acids) are dissembled by enzymes and ATP is produced

Front 38

4 stages of cellular respiration

Back 38

1) glycolysis

2) intermediate stage

3) citrus acid cycle (krebs cycle)

4) electron transport system

Front 39

Glycolysis

Back 39

- occurs in cytosol

- 2 molecules of ATP are produced

- anaerobic process

Front 40

Intermediate stage

Back 40

-NO ATP is produced

Front 41

Citrus acid cycle

Back 41

- occurs in mitochondria

- two turns to this cycle --> 1 ATP produced during each

-2 ATP molecules are produced total

- aerobic process

Front 42

Electron transport system

Back 42

- occurs in mitochondria

- 34 ATP molecules produced

Front 43

38 net ATP molecules

Back 43

- we use 2 molecules of ATP so 36 molecules are produced total for the breakdown of 1 glucose molecule