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74 Cards in this Set
- Front
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Seven Years War |
Fought throughout North America, especially in Canada. Very expensive for Great Britain and therefore they demanded the colonists help to pay for the way through taxes |
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July 4, 1776 |
Colonists declare their independence from Great Britain |
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George Washington |
Leader of the Continental Army |
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Loyalist |
Between 15-30% of the colonialists who supported Great Britain |
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Second estate |
Nobility, owned about 25-30% of the land. Held the most important positions in France, dominated the courts, exempt from taxes |
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Third estate |
Commoners in society. 75-80% of the total population, owned 30-40% of the land |
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Bourgeoisie |
Middle class, 8% of the Third Estate, owned 20-25% of the land, generally excluded from privilege and positions |
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Bad harvest |
1787-1788 France experienced a food shortage |
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Philosophes |
Influenced new ideas and concepts |
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French parliaments |
Often blocked reforms and edicts in these courts |
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Calonne |
Finance minister, his attempts to reform the tax system was blocked |
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King Louis XVI |
Bourbon King, weak leader |
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Marie Antoinette |
Austrian, unpopular, spent a lot of money |
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Estates-General |
Symbolic gathering of the French people. One estate, one vote |
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Cahiers |
Local grievances, submitted to the Estate General |
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Qbbe Sieyes |
Wrote "What is the Third Estate?", advocated for a national assembly |
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Oath of the Tennis Court |
Members of the Third Estate, having their meeting hall closed, decided to meet and form a National Assembly which some members of the First and second estates. Declaration took place in the king's tennis court |
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Bastille |
King's prison in Paris, stormed by commoners in reaction to the treat that the king would turn on the National Assembly. July 14 1789 |
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Lafayette |
Commander of the National Guard, citizen's militia |
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Great Fear |
Peasant rebellion against centuries of abuse by the nobility led to widespread housing and bloodshed in France. Also the fear that foreign powers would invade France, to takw back territory or support the king |
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August Decree |
Abolished feudal privileges of the nobility |
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Declaration of Rights of Man and Citizen |
A charter of basic liberties, reflects the enlightenment ideals of the natural rights of man, liberty and equality |
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Olympe de Gouges |
Wrote the Declaration of the Rights of Women and the female citizen- ignored by the National Assembly |
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March on Versailles |
Led mostly by women in response to high bread prices and a suspicion that the royal family would turn on the revoulution |
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Civil Constitution of the Clergy |
July 1790, bishops and priests would be elected and paid for by the state |
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New Constitution of 1791 |
Formed a constitutional monarchy got France. Electors choose deputies to sit in the assembly. Reorganized France |
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Assignats |
Confiscated church lands and used collateral for newly printed paper money. Caused inflation in France |
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Declaration of Pillnitz |
Austria and Prussia demonstrate a support for returning Louis 16 to power |
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War of 1792 |
French assembly declared war on Austria, France mobilizes to defend the revolution |
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Marseilles |
Becomes the power anthem of the revolution |
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Sans-Culottes |
Ordinary citizens without fine clothing, representatives of the Paris Commune |
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Danton |
Minister of justice, organized revenge on the supporters of the King, led to the September Massacres |
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Paris Commune |
The political force in Paris dominated by radicals (sans-culottes) The political force in Paris dominated by radicals (sans-culottes) |
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National Convention |
With the dissolution of the Legislative Assembly and the arrest of the King, a new government was to be formed based on universal male suffrage. |
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Girondins |
More moderate Jacobins, wanted to save the King |
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Mountain |
More radical Jacobins, voted to execute the King. |
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Vendean Rebellion |
Led mostly by peasants in western France, rebelled against the radicals and the new military draft. |
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Coalition of 1793 |
Led by Austria, Prussia and Great Britain, in reaction to the execution of the King, tried to end the revolution |
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Robespierre |
Leader of the Committee of Public Safety, effectively controlled France. |
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Nation in Arms |
Total mobilization of France to save the revolution. Largest army ever seen in European history to date, over a million men. |
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Reign of Terror |
Executes Marie Antoinette and thousands others as counter-revolutionaries or enemies of the revolution. |
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Republic of Virtue |
Remake French society, new calendar and a new de-Christianized France. |
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Liberty, Equality, Fraternity |
Motto of the French Revolution |
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Slavery |
Abolished by the National convention |
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Haiti |
Successful slave rebellion against France, led to Napoleon selling Louisiana to the US |
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Thermidorean Reaction |
Overthrow of the Committee of Public Safety and the end to the National Convention (Republic) of France |
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Directory |
New constitution of 1795, would end in 1799 |
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Corsica |
Homeland of Napoleon |
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Toulon |
Captured by Napoleon and became a General when he was 25 |
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Josephine se Beauharnais |
Napoleon's first wife |
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Italian Campaign |
Napoleon leads several victories against the Austrians |
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Egypt |
Napoleon leads an invasion of Egypt as a way to hurt Britain's control of India |
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Coup d etat |
Napoleon gains control of directory by military force, helps to develop a new constitution and republic called the consulate, with Napoleon becoming the first consul of France |
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Emperor |
After becoming Consul for life, Napoleon becomes Emperor of the French empire in 1804. Napoleon I |
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Concordat |
Reestablishes the Catholic Church in France. The Pope recognizes the revolutionary changes that occurred and the fact that the majority of the French people are Roman Catholic |
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Civil Code |
"Code Napoleon" he rewrites and codifies the laws of France . Modernizes the legal system |
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Prefects |
Reorganizes the political structure of France |
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Meritocracy |
Napoleon establishes positions and promotions based on talent and performance not by birth |
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War of the Second Coalition |
France at War with Russia, Great Britain, and Austria |
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War of the Third Coalition |
1803, France at with war with Britain, Austria, and Russia, witnessed two of Napoleon’s great victories. Battle of Ulm over Austria and the Battle of Austerlitz over Russia. |
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German States |
reorganized by Napoleon into the Confederation of the Rhine. Forces Prussia into war with France. Led to the birth of a German Nationalism. |
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Grand Empire |
Napoleon’s empire consisting of an enlarged France, dependent states (such as Spain, Duchy of Warsaw or Poland, Netherlands, Italian Republics), and allies. |
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Trafalgar |
great naval victory for Britain (Admiral Nelson) over the combined French and Spanish fleets |
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Continental System |
attempt by Napoleon to forbid European states from trading with Great Britain (a reverse blockade); unsuccessful. |
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Invasion of Russia 1812 |
In response to Russia’s refusal to follow the Continental System, Napoleon invades Russia with over 600,000 men, returns with less than 40,000. Defeated by the Russian winter, troops, and unreliable allies. |
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Elba |
Island off the coast of Italy, first place of Napoleon’s exile. 100 days-escape from Elba and his return to power |
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Waterloo |
final battle of Napoleon army. Defeated by a combined British (Wellington) and Prussian (von Blucher) in 1815. |
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St. Helena |
final exile of Napoleon and place of his death. |
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General Cornwallis |
Surrenders the British forces at Yorktown |
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French Fleet |
Aided the Continental army by blockading the British |
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Articles of the Confederation |
Ratified in 1781, first attempted at forming a national government, weak federal state |
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Constitution |
Ratified in 1788, created a Bill of Rights and a stronger federal government |
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First Estate |
The clergy of France, owned 10% of the land. |
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Taille |
Chief tax of France |
