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22 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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open-field system
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land to be cultivated divided into sections; whole peasant village followed same pattern; why in 17th cent. not enough food (soil exhaustion) --> three year system
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agricultural revolution
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the period in Europe from the mid-seventeenth throught the mid-nineteenth centuries during which great agricultural progress was made and the fallowing of a field was gradually eliminated (1650-1850)
-alternate grain w/ nitrogen storing crops |
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enclosure
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the movement to fence in fields in order to farm more effectively, at the expense of poor peasants who relied on common fileds for farming and pasture (for experimenting)
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Dutch lead AR
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reasons: dense pop. and growth of towns and cities provide market for peasants
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Jethro Tull (1674-1741)
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English innovator
-horses for plowing -sowing seed w/. drilling equipment -selective breeding of ordinary livestock |
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England in AR
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-drainage
-much success due to land enclosures (Parliament support) -->1. rise of market-oriented estate agriculture 2. emergence of a landless rural proletariat |
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proletarianization
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the transformation of large numbers of small peasant farmers into landless rural wage earners
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long-standing obstacles to pop. growth
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famine, epidemic disease, and war
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reason for 18th cent. rise in pop.
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FEWER DEATHS
-disappearance of the bubonic plague -NOT med. knowledge (but inoculation against small pox -improvements in water supply and sewage -improvements of water supply an drainage --> less insects -safeguard supply of food -advancements in transportation |
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cottage industry
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a stage of industrial development in which rural workers used hand tools in their homes to manufacture goods on a large scale for sale in a market
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why growth of rurual industry?
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gwth of pop. increaed the number of rural workers w/ little or no land, and this in turn contributed to the development of industry in rural areas
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putting out system
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the eighteenth-century system of rural industry in which a merchant loaned raw materials to cottage workers, who processed them and returned the finished products to the merchant
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life of rural textile workers
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-all members helped
-small house (loom big) -conditions particularly hard for women -merchants feel it was difficult to supervise and direct rural workers (agricultural calender) |
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Industrious Revolutions
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the shift that occured as families in norhtwestern Europe focused on earning wages instead of producing goods for household consumptions; this reduced their economic self-sufficiency but increased their ability to purchase consumer goods
-all members worked for wages rather than in a united family business and n which consumption relied on market-produced rather than homemade goods |
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guild system
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the organization of artisanal production into trade-based association, or guilds, each of which received a monopoly over its trade and the right to train apprentices and hire workers
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opinions on guild system
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Anne-Robert-Jacwues Turgot no like guilds cause discrminate vs. women (women in text), hinder economic stimulations (confidence in craft), bar others (partnerships)
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economic liberalism
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a belief in free trade and competition baed on Adam Smiths' argument that the invisible hand of free competition would benefit all individuals, rich and poor
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Adam Smith (1723-1790)
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critic sof gov. regulation of trade; developed the general idea of freedom of enterprise and established the basis for modern economics (Inquiry into the Nautre and Causes of the Wealth of Nations)
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The Navigation Acts
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a series of English laws that controlled the import of goods to Britain and British colonies
-mercantilism= orgin of Gr. Br.'s commercial lead in 17th cent. |
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Britain dominance over global trade
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NA= Dutch
France -war of Spanish Succession -War of Austrian Succession -Seven Year's War -war to conquer Canda --> Eng. wins William Pitt vs. marquis de Montcalm |
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Treaty of Paris
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the threaty that ended the Seven Year' War in Europe and the colonies in 1763 and ratified British victory on all colnial fronts
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Atlantic Slave Trade
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the forced migration of Africns across the Atlantic for slave labor on plantations and in other industries; the trade reached its peak in the eighteenth century andnultimately involved more than twelve million Africans.
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