Chapter 18

Front 1

Social Influence

Back 1

The process whereby one person's behavior is affected by the words or actions of others

Front 2

Norms

Back 2

Socially based rules that prescribe what people should or should not do in various situations

Front 3

Deindividuation

Back 3

A psychological state occurring in group members that results in loss of individuality and a tendency to do things not normally done when alone

Front 4

Social facilitation

Back 4

a phenomenon in which the presence of others improves a person's performance

Front 5

Social Impairment

Back 5

A reduction in performance due to the presence of other people

Front 6

Social loafing

Back 6

Exerting less effort when performing a group task than when performing the same task alone

Front 7

Conformity

Back 7

changing one's behavior or beliefs to match those of others, generally as a result of real or imagined, though unspoken group pressure

Front 8

Compliance

Back 8

Adjusting one's behavior because of an explicit or implicit request

Front 9

Obedience

Back 9

Changing behavior in response to a demand from an authority figure

Front 10

Aggression

Back 10

An act that is intended to cause harm to another person

Front 11

Frustration-aggression hypothesis

Back 11

A proposition that frustration always leads to some form of aggressive behavior

Front 12

Environmental psychology

Back 12

The study of the relationship between behavior and the physical environment.

Front 13

Helping Behavior

Back 13

Any act that is intended to benefit another person

Front 14

Altruism

Back 14

An unselfish concern for another's welfare

Front 15

Arousal: cost-reward theory

Back 15

A theory attributing people's helping behavior to their efforts to reduce the unpleasant arousal they feel in the face of someone's need or suffering.

Front 16

Bystander effect

Back 16

A phenomenon in which the chances that someone will help in an emergency decrease as the number of people present increases

Front 17

empathy-altruism theory

Back 17

A theory suggesting that people help others because of empathy with their needs

Front 18

Cooperation

Back 18

Any type of behavior in which people work together o attain a goal.

Front 19

Competition

Back 19

Behavior in which individuals try to attain a goal for themselves while denying that goal to others

Front 20

Conflict

Back 20

The result of a person's or group's belief that another person or group stand in the way of their achieving a valued goal

Front 21

social dilemmas

Back 21

situations in which actions that produce rewards for one individual will produce negative consequences if adopted by everyone

Front 22

Prisoner's dilemma

Back 22

A social dilemma in which mutual cooperation guarantees the best mutual outcome

Front 23

Resource Dilemma

Back 23

A situation in which people must share a common resource, creating conflicts between the short-term interests of individuals and the long-term interests of the group

Front 24

Zero-sum game

Back 24

A social situation in which one person's gains are subtracted form another person's resources, so that the sum of the gains and losses is zero

Front 25

task-oriented leader

Back 25

A leader who provides close supervision, leads by directives, and generally discourages group discussion.

Front 26

Person-oriented leader

Back 26

A leader who provides loose supervision, asks for group member's ideas and is concerned with subordinates' feelings

Front 27

Group think

Back 27

A pattern of thinking in which group members fail to evaluate realistically the wisdom of various options and decisions.