Chapter 17 Apes Unit Test

Front 1

Net Energy

Back 1

the amount of high-quality usable energy available from a resource after subtracting the energy needed to make it available for use

Front 2

crude oil/Petroleum

Back 2

thick liquid containing hydrocarbons along with many impurities and extracted from underground

Front 3

conventional/light oil

Back 3

aka hydrocarbon-based fertilizers and pesticides

Front 4

heavy crude oil

Back 4

oil that cannot be extracted, because it is too difficult and too expensive

Front 5

oil sand/ oil tar

Back 5

a mixture of clay, sand ,water, and a combustible organic material called bitumen

Front 6

bitumen

Back 6

a thick and sticky heavy oil with a high sulfur content and smells like asphalt

Front 7

oil shale

Back 7

fine-grained sedimentary rocks that contain a solid combustible mixture of hydrogens called kerogen
-can be crushed and distilled to yield shale oil

Front 8

conventional natural gas

Back 8

lies above most reservoirs of crude oil

Front 9

unconventional natural gas

Back 9

found in other underground resources

ex) methane hydrate- small bubble of nat. gas trapped on ice crystals deep under the arctic permafrost and beneath ocean sediments

Front 10

liquified petroleum gas (LPG)

Back 10

When a natural gas field is tapped, propane and butane gases are liquified and removed

Front 11

liquified natural gas (LNG)

Back 11

highly flammable liquid at natural gas can be converted to at a very low temperature

Front 12

How is coal extracted?

Back 12

by surface and underground mining

Front 13

coal

Back 13

a solid fossil fuel formed in several stages as buried remains of land plants that lived 300-400 million years ago were subjected to intense heat and pressure over many millions of years

Front 14

What does coal contain?

Back 14

mostly carbon, and small amounts of sulfur

Front 15

Anthracite

Back 15

the most desirable type of coal because of it's high heat and low sulfur content

Front 16

area strip mining

Back 16

used to extract coal found close to the Earth's surface on flat terrain

Front 17

count our strip mining

Back 17

used to extract coal on hilly or mountainous terrain

Front 18

Coal is usually shipped and transported to places by what?

Back 18

TRAINS

Front 19

What is coal used for?

Back 19

to generate electricity and make steel

Front 20

How much of coal reserves do the US have?

Back 20

1/4

Front 21

solid coal can be converted to....

Back 21

synthetic natural gas (SNG) by coal classification or into a liquid fuel each as methanol or synthetic gasoline by coal liquefaction (aka synfuels)

-however, it needs 50% more coal extracted and releases 50% of more CO2 into the atmosphere

Front 22

light-water reactors (LWRs) produce?

Back 22

they produce 85% of the world's nuclear-generated electricity

Front 23

the core of an LWR contains?

Back 23

35,000-70,000 long, thin, fuel rods, each packed with fuel pellets

Front 24

a moderator

Back 24

(nuclear reactor part) slows down the neutrons emitted by the fission process to keep the chain retain going

Front 25

a coolant

Back 25

( nuclear reactor part) usu. water, circulates through the reactor;s core to remove heat and belt to keep fuel rods and other materials from melting and to produce steam for generating electricity

Front 26

containment vessel

Back 26

( nuclear reactor part) surrounds the reactor core with very think and strong walls

Front 27

water-filled pools/ dry casks

Back 27

( nuclear reactor part) used for on-site storage of highly radioactive spent fuel rods removed when reactors are refueled

Front 28

What happens in a closed nuclear fuel cycle?

Back 28

the fissionable isotopes uranium are removed from spent fuel assemblies for reuse as nuclear fuel

Front 29

What happens in an open nuclear fuel cycle?

Back 29

the isotopes are not removed by reprocessing the nuclear wastes and are eventually buried in an underground disposal facility