Chapter 16 Study Guide

Front 1

The Scientific Revolution of the seventeenth century

Back 1

Although an innovative phase in western thinking, was based upon the intellectual and Scientific accomplishments of previous centuries

Front 2

All of the following are influences and causes of the scientific revolution except

Back 2

The practical knowledge and technical skills emphasized by sixteenth century universities

Front 3

Which of these ancient authorities was not relied on by medieval scholars

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Galiileo

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According to Leonardo Da Vinci, what was key in understanding the nature of things

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mathematics

Front 5

Scholars devoted to hermeticism

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saw the world as a living embodiment of divinity where humans could use mathematics and magic to dominate nature

Front 6

the general comception of the universe before copernicus was that

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the earth was the stationary center and heavenly spheres orbited it

Front 7

The greatest achievements in science during the sixteenth centuries came in the areas of

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astronomy, medicine and mechanics

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The Ptolemaic conception of the universe was also known as

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the geocentric conception

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Copernicus's heliocentric theory was

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based on the observations of several earlier astronomers and his own computations

Front 10

copernicus was a native of

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poland

Front 11

The immediate reaction of the clerics to the theories of Copernicus was

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condemnation, initially by Protestant leaders like Luther who condemned the discovery
as contrary to their literal interpretation of the Bible.

Front 12

The ideas of Copernicus were

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nearly as complicated as those of Ptolemy.

Front 13

Following upon Copernicus's heliocentric theories

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Johannes Kepler used data to derive laws of planetary motion that confirmed
Copernicus's heliocentric theory but that showed the orbits were elliptical.

Front 14

Tycho Brahe

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recorded astronomical data from the observatory he built with at Uraniborg Castle

Front 15

Kepler's laws of planetary motion

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gained acceptance despite disproving Aristotle's conviction that the motion of planets
was steady and unchanging.

Front 16

One of the dramatic findings of Galileo's observations was that

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planets were not made of some perfect substance but had natural properties similar to the earth

Front 17

The first European to make systematic observations of the heavens by telescope was

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Galileo

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The Catholic Roman Inquisition attacked Galileo for his scientific ideas with the encouragement of

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elements within the church pledged to defend ancient Aristotelian ideas and Catholic
orthodoxy.

Front 19

Galileo's Dialogue on the Two World Systems was really an attempt to

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support Copernicus through a publication in Italian accessible to a wide audience.

Front 20

What actions did the Catholic Church pursue concerning Galileo and his ideas?

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forced to recant them in a trial before the Inquisition

Front 21

Galileo's ideas on motion included the

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principle of inertia.

Front 22

Isaac Newton's scientific discoveries

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although readily accepted in his own country, were resisted on the continent.

Front 23

In Newton's Principia, he demonstrated through his rules of reasoning that the universe was

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a regulated machine operating according to universal laws.

Front 24

Newton's universal law of gravitation proved that

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. through its mathematical proof it could explain all motion in the universe.

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The Greco-Roman doctor who had the most influence on medieval medical thought was

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Galen

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Paracelsus revolutionized the world of medicine in the sixteenth century by

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advocating the chemical philosophy of medicine.

Front 27

Among the following, who is not associated with major changes in sixteenth and seventeenth-century scientific research?

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Galen

Front 28

. On the Fabric of the Human Body

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was Andreas Vesalius' masterpiece on anatomical structure.

Front 29

William Harvey's On the Motion of the Heart and Blood refuted the ideas of

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the liver as the beginning point of the circulation of blood.

Front 30

The scientist whose work led to the law that states that the volume of a gas varies with the pressure exerted upon it and who argued that matter is composed of atoms, later known as the chemical elements, was

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Robert Boyle

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Antoine Lavoisier

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is regarded as the father of modern chemistry.

Front 32

The role of women in the Scientific Revolution is illustrated by

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Margaret Cavendish, who participated in her era's scientific debates.

Front 33

The overall effect of the Scientific Revolution on the argument about women was to

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generate facts about differences between men and women that were used to prove male
dominance.

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Margaret Cavendish attacked the belief

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that humans through science were masters of nature

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Maria Winkelmann

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a German astronomer.

Front 36

Benedict Spinoza believed that women

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were "naturally" inferior to men.

Front 37

The philosophy of René Descartes

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stressed a separation of mind and matter.

Front 38

What was the name of Descartes' book that expounded his theories about the universe?

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Discourse on Method

Front 39

Descartes believed that the world could be understood by

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. the same principles inherent in mathematical thinking

Front 40

Francis Bacon was important to the Scientific Revolution for his emphasis on

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empirical, experimental observation

Front 41

Organized religions in the seventeenth century

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rejected scientific discoveries that conflicted with the Christian view of the world.

Front 42

Benedict de Spinoza

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. claimed that God was not just the creator the universe-God was the universe.

Front 43

For Spinoza, the failure to understand God led to

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people using nature for their own self-interest

Front 44

In his work Pensees, Pascal

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. attempted to convince rationalists that Christianity was valid by appealing to their reason and emotions.

Front 45

For Blaise Pascal, humans

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could not understand infinity, only God could.

Front 46

Concerning the first important scientific societies, the French Academy differed from the English Royal Society in the former's

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government support and control.

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. During the seventeenth century, royal and princely patronage of science

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became an international phenomenon.

Front 48

The scientific societies of early modern Europe established the first

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. scientific journals appearing regularly.

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Science became an integral part of Western culture in the eighteenth century because

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it offered a new means to make profits and maintain social order.

Front 50

. The key figure of the Scientific Revolution who would inspire the search for natural laws in other fields, Including society and economics, was

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Newton.