Chapter 16: Reproductive System

Front 1

Sperm

Back 1

male reproductive cell (gamete)

Front 2

Egg

Back 2

an ovum; a mature female gamete

Front 3

testes

Back 3

the primary sex organ; produces sperm (inside the scrotum)

Front 4

Scrotum

Back 4

sac of skin and smooth muscle that holds the testes. Regulates the temperature of the developing sperm within the testes.

Front 5

Seminiferous tubules

Back 5

coiled tubes, also produces sperm. (found within the testes)

Front 6

epidiymis

Back 6

a single coiled duct just outside the testes, sperm becomes motile and are stored here (sperm becomes mature here)

Front 7

ductus deferens

Back 7

the epidiymis joins this and transports sperm to where it becomes the ejaculatory duct.

Front 8

Epidiymis and ductus stores sperm until______

Back 8

ejaculation

Front 9

penis

Back 9

is the male organ of sexual intercourse, it delivers sperm internally to the female.

Front 10

erection

Back 10

an increase in length,diameter, and stiffness of the penis that facilitates its entry into the vagina

Front 11

Semen

Back 11

to improve the chances of the sperms survival the male delivers sperm in a thick, whitish mixture of sperm and secretions of accessory glands.

Front 12

Seminal vesicles

Back 12

produce a seminal fluid, a watery mixture containing fructose and prostaglandins that represents about 60% of the volume of semen.

Front 13

prostate gland

Back 13

secretes watery alkaline fluid to raise vaginal PH (the vagina is already acidic so this lowers it temporarily)

Front 14

bulbourethral glands

Back 14

secretes mucus into the urethra during sexual arousal. the mucus washes away traces of acidic urine in the urethra before the sperm arrives and also provides lubrication (secretes lubrication mucus) (cleans and lubricates)

Front 15

Sperm production takes place in the ______

Back 15

seminferous tubules within each testis.

Front 16

spermatogonia

Back 16

cells that have not yet become any kind of specialized cell, they are diploid cells (they have 46 chromosome, the normal human number)

Front 17

Gametes

Back 17

Haploid(single) sex or germ cell (sperm and eggs)

Front 18

the formation of gametes involve a series of cell divisions called _______ and ________

Back 18

mitosis and meiosis

Front 19

Testosterone

Back 19

steroid hormone produced by interstitial cells in testes between semiferous tubules.

Front 20

functions of testoresteone

Back 20

controls growth & function of male reproduction, stimulates aggression & sexual behavior, controls development of secondary sexual characteristics at puberty (facial hair,voice), determines rate of sperm formation.

Front 21

the production and secretion of testosterone depends on three hormones

Back 21

GnRh, LH and FSH

Front 22

gonadotropin(GnRH)

Back 22

from hypothalmus stimulates release of LH an FSH

Front 23

LH

Back 23

(from anterior pituitary) stimulates the production of testosterone

Front 24

FSH

Back 24

(from anterior pituitary) may enhance sperm formation with stertoli cells

Front 25

inhibin

Back 25

produced by sertoli cells, inhibits secretion of FSH

Front 26

ovaries

Back 26

release the female gametes, immature eggs or occytes, at regular intervals during the reproductive years. (secretes the hormones estrogen and progesterone)

Front 27

estrogen and progesterone

Back 27

the ovaries secrete the female sex steroid hormones called ___and____

Front 28

oviduct (Fallopian tube)

Back 28

leads from from the ovary to the uterus, fertilization occurs in the upper third of the oviduct.

Front 29

Uterus

Back 29

a hallow pear shaped organ where fertilized egg (embryo) grows and develops.

Front 30

endometrium

Back 30

-Supports fertilized egg, part of it sloughs off during menstrual flow.

Front 31

Myometrium

Back 31

smooth muscle that expands during pregnancy constricts during labor

Front 32

cervix

Back 32

(the neck) the narrow opening in the lower part of the uterus that permits sperm to enter the uterus and allows for the fetus to exit during birth

Front 33

Vagina

Back 33

A hallow muscular organ of sexual intercourse and also the birth canal

Front 34

clitoris

Back 34

a small organ partly closed by the labia minora, important in the female sexual response.

Front 35

Mammory glands

Back 35

modified sweat glands that are part of the skin or integumentary system.

Front 36

breast contain_______and are specialized for_____

Back 36

mammory glands, lactation (production of milk)

Front 37

prolactin

Back 37

stimulates lactation

Front 38

oxytocin

Back 38

stimulates the contractions that release milk during nursing.

Front 39

menstrual cycle

Back 39

A pattern of changes in the ovaries and uterus, it last about 28 days and is controlled by hormones. begins at puberty and continues throughout the reproductive years (except during pregnancy)

Front 40

Menstrual cycle consists of two cycles called _______ and ______ cycles

Back 40

ovarian and uterine

Front 41

Ovarian cycle

Back 41

A series of changes in ovaries associated with oocyte maturation, controlled by FSH and LH

Front 42

primary oocytes

Back 42

a female has about one million already formed and stored in each ovary and no more are ever produced

Front 43

follicle

Back 43

ovarian structure consisting of a developing egg surrounded by one or more layer of granulosa cells.

Front 44

ovulation

Back 44

ejection of an immature egg (oocyte) from the ovary

Front 45

corpus luteum

Back 45

structure that develops from cells of a ruptured ovarian follicle. secretes progesterone and estrogen

Front 46

uterine cycle

Back 46

is a series of structural and functional changes that occur in the endometirum of the uterus as it prepares each month for the possibility that a fertilized egg may arrive. (linked to the ovarian cycle)

Front 47

Menstruation

Back 47

is the process by which the endometrial lining disintegrates and its small blood vessels rupture.

Front 48

the uterine cycle consists of 4 phases which are ____,_____, ______, _______

Back 48

menstrual phase, proliferative phase, ovulation and secretory phase

Front 49

menstrual phase

Back 49

1-5 days, estrogen and progesterone decrease, menstruation occurs

Front 50

proliferative phase

Back 50

6-14 days, estrogen and progesterone increase, endometrial lining profilerates (more thicker, more vascular and more glandular)

Front 51

ovulation

Back 51

day 14th (good day to get pregnant if you're trying)

Front 52

secretory phase

Back 52

after ovulation, 15-28 days, endometrium continues to proliferate, uterus glands mature, uterus is prepared to accept and nourish a fertilized egg.

Front 53

Fertilization

Back 53

when one sperm penetrates the egg, millions of sperm may reach egg within hours to a day or more.

Front 54

Vasectomy

Back 54

(males) cut and tie off both ductus deferens

Front 55

tubal ligation

Back 55

(females) cut and tie off both oviducts

Front 56

Hysteroscopy

Back 56

(females) cauterize the oviducts to seal them

Front 57

infertility

Back 57

inability to achieve pregnancy after a year of trying.

Front 58

artificial insemination

Back 58

sperm are placed with a syringe into the vagina or uterus as close to the time of ovulation as possible.

Front 59

Artificial reproductive technologies (ART)

Back 59

both sperm and eggs are handled outside the body, method of choice for women with blocked or damaged oviducts, immature eggs must be harvested from a woman, once eggs are harvested there are variety of different techniques.

Front 60

in vitro fertilization (IVF)

Back 60

fertilization in test tube outside the body, after several cell divisions the embryo is inserted into the uterus (vagina)

Front 61

GIFT (gamete intrafallopian transfer)

Back 61

unfertilized eggs and sperm place in oviduct

Front 62

ZIFT (zygote intrafallopian transfer)

Back 62

Fertilized egg is placed in oviduct

Front 63

orgasm

Back 63

a brief intensely pleasurable reflex event that accomplishes ejaculation or the expulsion of semen