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25 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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Transmission Genetics |
Deals with the manner in which genetic differences among individuals are passed from generation to generation. |
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Blending Inheritance |
Traits in the offspring resemble the average of those in the parents.
Whatever the trait may be, it predicts that inheritance will tend to be a homogenizing force. |
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Hybridization |
Interbreeding between two different varieties or species of an organism. |
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True Breeding |
The physical appearance of the offspring in each successive generation is identical to the previous one. |
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P1 Generation |
The parental generation. |
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F1 Generation |
The first offspring, or finial, generation. |
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Reciprocal Crosses |
Crosses in which the expressions of the trait in the female and male parents are interchanged. |
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Dominant Trait |
The trait that appears in the F1 generation for simple crosses involving two parents that are true breeding for different traits. |
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Recessive Trait |
The contrasting trait that does not appear in simple crosses involving two parents that are true breeding for different traits. |
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F2 Generation |
Produced by allowing the F1 flowers to undergo self-fertilization.
The recessive trait reappeared (in a 3:1 ratio). |
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The Principle of Segregation |
The separation of alleles into different gametes. In the formation of gametes, the two members of a gene pair segregate equally into so that half the gametes get one allele and half get the other allele. |
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Zygote |
Fertilized egg cell. Formed from the random union of two gametes, one from each parent. |
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Punnett Square |
The gametes from each parent, each with its respective frequency, are arranged along the top and sides of a grid. Each box in the grid represents the union of the gametes in the corresponding row and column, showing all the possible genotypes of offspring that can result from random fertilization. |
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Testcross |
Any cross of an unknown genotype with a homozygous recessive genotype. |
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Incomplete Dominance |
The phenotype of the heterozygous genotype is intermediate between those of the homozygous genotypes. |
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Probability |
The likelihood that a specified genotype will occur. Must always lie between 0 and 1. 0 means that the genotype cannot occur, and 1 means that occurrence of the genotype is certain. |
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Addition Rule |
Applies when the possible outcomes being considered cannot occur simultaneously.
When the possibilities are mutually exclusive, states that the probability of either even occurring is given by the sum of their individual probabilities. |
"Either" "Or" |
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Multiplication Rule |
Applies when outcomes can occur simultaneously, and the occurrence of one has no effect upon the likelihood of the other. Events that do not influence one another are independent, and this states that the probability of two independent events occurring together is the product of their respective probabilities. |
"And" |
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Principle of Independent Assortment |
States that segregation of one set of alleles of a gene pair is independent of the segregation of another set of alleles of a different gene pair.
Each pair of alleles assorts (segregates) without affecting or being affected by the assortment of any other pair of alleles. |
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Epistasis |
Shown by genes that modify the phenotypic expression of other genes. |
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Pedigree |
A diagram of family history in which the record of the ancestral relationships among individuals is summarized. |
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Multiple Alleles |
Each of the mutant forms that exists in a population constitutes a different allele, and hence a population of organisms may contain many different alleles of the same gene, which are called _______________. |
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Incomplete Penetrance |
Individuals with a genotype corresponding to a trait do not actually show the phenotype, either because of environmental effects or because of interactions with other genes. |
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Variable Expressitivity |
A particular phenotype is expressed with a different degree of severity in different individuals. |
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Genetic Test |
A method of identifying the genotype of an individual. May be carried out on entire populations or restricted to high-risk individuals. |
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