Chapter 16 Apush

Front 1

Standard guage

Back 1

A standard distance separating the two tracks adopting in 1886 that allowed for the first time trains of one company to travel on another company's tracks.

Front 2

Railroad time zones

Back 2

In 1883, the major rail companies divided the national into four time zones still in use today

Front 3

Vertical integration

Back 3

Company's avoidance of middlemen by producing its own supplies and providing for distribution of its product.

Front 4

"Great upheaval" of 1886

Back 4

A wave of strikes and labor protests that touches every part of the nation in 1886

Front 5

Standard oil company

Back 5

Founded in 1870 by John D. Rockfeller in Cleveland, Ohio, it soon grew into the nation's first industry-dominating trust. The Sherman Antitrust Act (1890) was enacted in part to combat abuses by standard oil.

Front 6

"Captains of industry" v. "Robber barons"

Back 6

Opposing viewpoints that industrial leaders were either beneficial for the economy or wielded power without any accountability in an unregulated market.

Front 7

"The Significance of the Frontier in American History"

Back 7

A lecture given by Fredick Jackson Turner in 1893 arguing that the western frontier had forged the distinctive qualities of America culture: individual freedom, political democracy, and economic mobility.

Front 8

Bonanza farming

Back 8

Farms that covered thousands of acres and employed large numbers of agricultural wage workers.

Front 9

Dawes Act

Back 9

Law passed in 1887 meant to encourage adoption of white norms among Indians. Broke up tribal holdings into small farms for Indian families, with the remainder sold to white purchasers.

Front 10

Ghost Dance

Back 10

A religious revitalization campaign reminiscent of the pan-Indian movements led by earlier prophets

Front 11

Greenbacks

Back 11

Paper money declared to be legal tender printed by the government

Front 12

Civil service act of 1883

Back 12

Established the Civil service commission and marked the end of the spoils system

Front 13

Interstate commerce commission

Back 13

Reacting to the U.S. Supreme court's ruling in Wabash Railroad v. Illinois(1886), congress established the ICC to curb abuses in the railroad industry by regulating rates.

Front 14

Patrons of Husbandry

Back 14

An educational and social organization for farmers founded in 1867

Front 15

Iron law of supply and demand

Back 15

The economic theory that determined wages and prices for goods and services

Front 16

Social Darwinism

Back 16

Application of Charles Darwin's theory of natural selection to society. Used the concept of the survival of the fittest to justify class distinctions and to explain poverty.

Front 17

Liberty of contact

Back 17

The idea that contacts reconciled freedom and authority in the workplace.

Front 18

Lochner v. New York

Back 18

Decision by supreme court overturning a New York law establishing a limit on the number of hours per week bakers could be compelled to work. Lochnerism became a way of describing the liberty of contact jurisprudence, whucg opposed all governmental intervention in the economy

Front 19

Great Railroad Strike of 1877

Back 19

Interstate strike, crushed by federal troops, which resulted in extensive property damage and many deaths.

Front 20

Knights of Labor

Back 20

Founded in 1869, the first national union lasted, under the leadership of Terence V. Powderly, only into the 1890s. Supplanted by the American Federation of Labor

Front 21

Social Gospel

Back 21

Preached by liberal Protestant clergymen in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Advocated the application of Christian principles to social problems generated by industrialization.