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26 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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DNA replication |
The process by which a DNA molecule is copied. |
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transformation |
The conversion of a normal cell into a cell that is able to divide indefinitely in culture, thus behaving like a cancer cell. |
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bacteriophages (phage) |
A virus that infects bacteria. |
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virus |
An infectious particle incapable of replicating outside of a cell, consisting of an RNA or DNA genome surrounded by a protein coat and, for some viruses, a membranous envelope. |
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antiparallel |
Referring to the arrangement of the sugar-phosphate backbones in a DNA double helix. |
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double helix |
The form of native DNA referring to its two adjacent anti-parallel polynucleotide strands wound around an imaginary axis into a spiral shape.
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semiconservative model |
Type of DNA replication in which the replicated double helix consists of one old strand, derived from the parental molecule, and one newly made strand.
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origins of replication |
Site where the replication of a DNA molecule begins, consisting of a specific sequence of nucleotides. |
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replication fork |
A Y-shaped region on a replicating DNA molecule where the parental strands are being unwound and new strands are being synthesized. |
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Helicases |
An enzyme that untwists the double helix of DNA at replication forks, separating the two strands and making them available as template strands.
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single-strand binding proteins |
A protein that binds to the unpaired DNA strands during DNA replication, stabilizing them and holding them apart while they serve as templates for the synthesis of complementary strands of DNA.
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Topoisomerase |
A protein that breaks, swivels, and rejoins DNA strands. |
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primer |
A short stretch of RNA with a free 3' end, bound by complementary base pairing to the template strand and elongated with DNA nucleotides during DNA replication.
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primase |
An enzyme that joins RNA nucleotides to make a primer during DNA replication, using the parental DNA strand as a template. |
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DNA polymerases |
An enzyme that catalyzes the elongation of new DNA by the addition of nucleotides to the 3' end of an existing chain.
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leading strand |
The new complementary DNA strand synthesized continuously along the template strand toward the replication fork in the mandatory 5' ---> 3' direction. |
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lagging strand |
A discontinuously synthesized DNA strand that elongates by means of Okazaki fragments, each synthesized in a 5' ---> 3' direction away from the replication fork.
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Okazaki fragments |
A short segment of DNA synthesized away from the replication fork on a template strand during DNA replication. |
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DNA ligase |
A linking enzyme essential for DNA replication.
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mismatch repair |
The cellular process that uses specific enzymes to remove and replace incorrectly pair nucleotides.
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nuclease |
An enzyme that cuts DNA or RNA, either removing one or a few bases or hydrolyzing the DNA or RNA completely into its component nucleotides. |
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nucleotide excision repair |
A repair system that removes and then correctly replaces a damaged segment of DNA using the undamaged strand as a guide. |
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telomeres |
The tandemly repetitive DNA at the end of a eukaryotic chromosome's DNA molecule.
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chromatin |
The complex of DNA and proteins that makes up eukaryotic chromosomes.
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heterochromatin |
Eukaryotic chromatin that remains highly compacted during the interphase and is generally not transcribed.
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euchromatin |
The less condensed form of eukaryotic chromatin that is available for transcription.
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