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45 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
what do ADHD people experience? |
attentional difficulties, hyperactivity-impulsivity, or a combination of the two |
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which gender is ADHD more common in? -what symptoms do boys with ADHD show? -what symptoms do girls with ADHD show? |
-common in boys -boys are aggressive -girls are inattentive |
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what do Autistic spectrum disorder people experience? |
Extreme unresponsiveness to others, poor communication skills, and highly repetitive and rigid behaviour patterns -Lack of social responsiveness -Language and communication difficulties |
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what are some things autistic people are good at |
savant activities: being able to play by ear |
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causes of Autism (2) |
- biological basis: -abnormal prefrontal cortex -accelerated pruning of neural connections during early life |
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Theory of mind |
awareness of what others are thinking and how they may be reacting internally (autistic children are poorly developed in this area) |
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Dementia -what happens to brain tissue? -when does it occur? |
the gradual loss of cognitive abilities that accompanies brain deterioration -Progressive atrophy of brain tissue occurs -any point in life (elderly= greater risk) |
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2 Causes of Alzheimer’s disease |
-deterioration in frontal and temporal lobes in the brain including hippocampus (memory) -Destruction of cells that produce acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter that is critically involved in the neural processes underlying memory |
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Anti-Social Personality Disorder -what do they often appear as? -failure to respond to? |
Selfishness, callousness, interpersonal manipulation and impulsivity, instability, social deviance, -appear intelligent and charming -Display a perplexing failure to respond to punishment |
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Causal Factors of Anti-Social Personality Disorder 1. Psychodynamic theory 2. classical conditioning |
1. people lack conscience due to underdeveloped superego 2.Poorer emotional classical conditioning found in those with anti-social disorder |
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Borderline Personality Disorder -what can they not control -what other disorders is it associated with |
Serious instability in behaviour, emotion, identity, and interpersonal relationships -Often have emotional dysregulation: inability to control negative emotions in response to stress -Associated with other disorders like PTSD and substance abuse disorders |
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1 Causal Factor of Borderline Personality Disorder |
Chaotic personal histories: interpersonal strife, sexual and physical abuse, inconsistent parenting |
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Splitting -casual factor of what? |
failure to integrate positive and negative aspectsof another’s behaviour (ie. a parent who is usually accepting but sometimesvoices disapproval) into a coherent whole -casual factor of Borderline Personality Disorder |
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Schizophrenia |
a psychotic disorder that involves severe disturbances in thinking, speech, perception, emotion, and behaviour |
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Characteristic of Schizophrenia (2) |
Delusions Hallucinations |
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delusions |
-false beliefs that are sustained in the face ofevidence that normally would be sufficient to destroy them |
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Hallucinations |
– false perceptions that have a compelling sense of reality |
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3 ways Emotions can be affected |
-Some have blunted affect, manifesting less emotion that others - Some have flat affect, showing almost no emotion at all - Some have inappropriate affect, expressing a wrong emotion to a situation |
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Subtypes of Schizophrenia (4) |
-Paranoid type -Disorganized type -Catatonic type -Undifferentiated type 1 |
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meaning of catatonic type |
– shows striking motor disturbances, ranging from muscular rigidity to random or repetitive movements |
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Two main categories on basis of two classes ofsymptoms |
-Type I schizophrenia -Type II schizophrenia |
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Type I schizophrenia |
predominance of positive symptoms (delusions, hallucinations, and disordered speech) |
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Type II schizophrenia |
predominance of negative symptoms (lack of emotional expression, loss of motivation, and absence of normal speech) |
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list 4 Causal Factors in Schizophrenia |
1.Biological Factors 2.Psychological Factors 3.Environmental Factors 4.Sociocultural Factors |
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Dopamine hypothesis |
symptoms of schizophrenia are produced by overactivity of dopamine system in areas that regulate emotional responses, motivated behaviour, and cognitive functioning |
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Environmental Factors |
Hospitalized schizophrenics are more likely to relapse if they return to a home environment that is high in a factor called expressed emotion (high levels of criticism, hostility, and over-involvement) |
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Sociocultural Factors -2 hypotheses |
-Social causation hypothesis: attributes higher prevalence of schizophrenia to higher levels of stress that low income people experience -Social drift hypothesis: proposes that as people develop schizophrenia, their personal and occupational functioning deteriorates, so they drift down the socio-economic ladder into poverty |
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Psychological Factors -Regression define |
retreats to earlier and more secure (even infantile) stage of psychosocial development |
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definition of Dissociative disorders |
disorders which involve a major alteration ofpersonal identity or memory |
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Dissociative disorders- Psychogenic amnesia |
a person responds to a stressful event with extensive but selective memory loss |
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Dissociative disorders-Psychogenic fugue -what triggers it? -how long does it last? |
a person loses all sense of personal identity, gives up their customary life, wanders to a new faraway location, and establishes a new identity -triggered by a highly stressful event or trauma -May last from several hours to several years |
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Dissociative disorders-Dissociative identity disorder (DID) |
two or more separate personalities coexist inthe same person -->A primary/host personality appears more often than others --> Personalities may or may not know of existence of others |
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Dissociative identity disorder (DID): Trauma dissociation theory |
development of new personalities occurs in response to severe stress (trying to transfer this stress to another being) |
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Somatoform disorders |
a disorder in which a person complains of bodily symptoms that suggest a medical problem, but which have no known biological cause and are not produced voluntarily by the person |
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Somatoform disorders:Pain disorder |
people experience intense pain that either is out of proportion to whatever medical condition they might have or for which no physical basis can be found |
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Somatoform disorders:Functional neurological symptom disorder -exhibit a lack of what? |
serious neurological symptoms, such as paralysis, loss of sensation, or blindness suddenly occur -People often exhibit a lack of concern about their symptoms (la belle indifference) - |
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Functional neurological symptom disorder: Glove anesthesia |
person loses sensation below wrist, is physiologically impossible, since nerves also serve area above the hand |
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Causal Factors in Mood Disorders (3 factors) |
Biological Factors Psychological Factors Sociocultural factors |
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Depressive cognitive triad |
triad of negative thoughts that depressed people cannot control or suppress --> Triad includes the world, oneself, and the future |
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Depressive attributional pattern |
-taking no credit for successes but blaming themselves for failures depression occurs |
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Learned helplessness theory: |
-when people expect that bad events will occur and that there is nothing they can do to prevent or cope with them |
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Biological Factors of mood disorders: Behavioural activation system (BAS) |
reward-oriented and activated by cues thatpredict future pleasure |
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Biological Factors of mood disorders: behavioural inhibition system (BIS) |
pain-avoidant and gerates fear and anxiety |
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what is mania linked to: high BAS or low BAS? & what does it stream from? |
linked to high BAS functioning and may stem fromoverproduction of the same neurotransmitters that are underactive in depression |
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Martin Seligman on Psychological Factors for Mood Disorders |
Martin Seligman suggested that overemphasis on individual attainment and lesser commitment to traditional values are likely to react strongly to failure and cause depression |