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45 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back

what do ADHD people experience?

attentional difficulties, hyperactivity-impulsivity, or a combination of the two

which gender is ADHD more common in?


-what symptoms do boys with ADHD show?


-what symptoms do girls with ADHD show?

-common in boys


-boys are aggressive


-girls are inattentive



what do Autistic spectrum disorder people experience?

Extreme unresponsiveness to others, poor communication skills, and highly repetitive and rigid behaviour patterns


-Lack of social responsiveness


-Language and communication difficulties

what are some things autistic people are good at

savant activities: being able to play by ear

causes of Autism (2)

- biological basis: -abnormal prefrontal cortex


-accelerated pruning of neural connections during early life



Theory of mind

awareness of what others are thinking and how they may be reacting internally (autistic children are poorly developed in this area)

Dementia


-what happens to brain tissue?


-when does it occur?

the gradual loss of cognitive abilities that accompanies brain deterioration


-Progressive atrophy of brain tissue occurs


-any point in life (elderly= greater risk)

2 Causes of Alzheimer’s disease

-deterioration in frontal and temporal lobes in the brain including hippocampus (memory)




-Destruction of cells that produce acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter that is critically involved in the neural processes underlying memory

Anti-Social Personality Disorder


-what do they often appear as?


-failure to respond to?

Selfishness, callousness, interpersonal manipulation and impulsivity, instability, social deviance,


-appear intelligent and charming


-Display a perplexing failure to respond to punishment

Causal Factors of Anti-Social Personality Disorder


1. Psychodynamic theory


2. classical conditioning

1. people lack conscience due to underdeveloped superego


2.Poorer emotional classical conditioning found in those with anti-social disorder

Borderline Personality Disorder


-what can they not control


-what other disorders is it associated with

Serious instability in behaviour, emotion, identity, and interpersonal relationships




-Often have emotional dysregulation: inability to control negative emotions in response to stress




-Associated with other disorders like PTSD and substance abuse disorders

1 Causal Factor of Borderline Personality Disorder

Chaotic personal histories: interpersonal strife, sexual and physical abuse, inconsistent parenting

Splitting


-casual factor of what?

failure to integrate positive and negative aspectsof another’s behaviour (ie. a parent who is usually accepting but sometimesvoices disapproval) into a coherent whole




-casual factor of Borderline Personality Disorder

Schizophrenia

a psychotic disorder that involves severe disturbances in thinking, speech, perception, emotion, and behaviour

Characteristic of Schizophrenia (2)

Delusions


Hallucinations

delusions

-false beliefs that are sustained in the face ofevidence that normally would be sufficient to destroy them

Hallucinations

– false perceptions that have a compelling sense of reality

3 ways Emotions can be affected

-Some have blunted affect, manifesting less emotion that others


- Some have flat affect, showing almost no emotion at all


- Some have inappropriate affect, expressing a wrong emotion to a situation

Subtypes of Schizophrenia (4)

-Paranoid type


-Disorganized type


-Catatonic type


-Undifferentiated type 1

meaning of catatonic type

– shows striking motor disturbances, ranging from muscular rigidity to random or repetitive movements

Two main categories on basis of two classes ofsymptoms

-Type I schizophrenia


-Type II schizophrenia

Type I schizophrenia

predominance of positive symptoms (delusions, hallucinations, and disordered speech)

Type II schizophrenia

predominance of negative symptoms (lack of emotional expression, loss of motivation, and absence of normal speech)

list 4 Causal Factors in Schizophrenia

1.Biological Factors


2.Psychological Factors


3.Environmental Factors


4.Sociocultural Factors



Dopamine hypothesis

symptoms of schizophrenia are produced by overactivity of dopamine system in areas that regulate emotional responses, motivated behaviour, and cognitive functioning

Environmental Factors

Hospitalized schizophrenics are more likely to relapse if they return to a home environment that is high in a factor called expressed emotion (high levels of criticism, hostility, and over-involvement)

Sociocultural Factors


-2 hypotheses

-Social causation hypothesis: attributes higher prevalence of schizophrenia to higher levels of stress that low income people experience




-Social drift hypothesis: proposes that as people develop schizophrenia, their personal and occupational functioning deteriorates, so they drift down the socio-economic ladder into poverty

Psychological Factors


-Regression define

retreats to earlier and more secure (even infantile) stage of psychosocial development

definition of Dissociative disorders

disorders which involve a major alteration ofpersonal identity or memory

Dissociative disorders- Psychogenic amnesia

a person responds to a stressful event with extensive but selective memory loss

Dissociative disorders-Psychogenic fugue


-what triggers it?


-how long does it last?



a person loses all sense of personal identity, gives up their customary life, wanders to a new faraway location, and establishes a new identity


-triggered by a highly stressful event or trauma


-May last from several hours to several years

Dissociative disorders-Dissociative identity disorder (DID)

two or more separate personalities coexist inthe same person


-->A primary/host personality appears more often than others


--> Personalities may or may not know of existence of others

Dissociative identity disorder (DID): Trauma dissociation theory

development of new personalities occurs in response to severe stress (trying to transfer this stress to another being)

Somatoform disorders

a disorder in which a person complains of bodily symptoms that suggest a medical problem, but which have no known biological cause and are not produced voluntarily by the person

Somatoform disorders:Pain disorder

people experience intense pain that either is out of proportion to whatever medical condition they might have or for which no physical basis can be found

Somatoform disorders:Functional neurological symptom disorder


-exhibit a lack of what?

serious neurological symptoms, such as paralysis, loss of sensation, or blindness suddenly occur


-People often exhibit a lack of concern about their symptoms (la belle indifference)


-

Functional neurological symptom disorder: Glove anesthesia

person loses sensation below wrist, is physiologically impossible, since nerves also serve area above the hand

Causal Factors in Mood Disorders (3 factors)

Biological Factors


Psychological Factors


Sociocultural factors

Depressive cognitive triad

triad of negative thoughts that depressed people cannot control or suppress


--> Triad includes the world, oneself, and the future

Depressive attributional pattern

-taking no credit for successes but blaming themselves for failures depression occurs

Learned helplessness theory:

-when people expect that bad events will occur and that there is nothing they can do to prevent or cope with them

Biological Factors of mood disorders: Behavioural activation system (BAS)

reward-oriented and activated by cues thatpredict future pleasure

Biological Factors of mood disorders: behavioural inhibition system (BIS)

pain-avoidant and gerates fear and anxiety

what is mania linked to: high BAS or low BAS? & what does it stream from?

linked to high BAS functioning and may stem fromoverproduction of the same neurotransmitters that are underactive in depression

Martin Seligman on Psychological Factors for Mood Disorders

Martin Seligman suggested that overemphasis on individual attainment and lesser commitment to traditional values are likely to react strongly to failure and cause depression