Chapter 15: Childhood Disorders

Front 1

three subcategories of ADHD

Back 1

- primarily poor attention
- primarily hyperactive-impulsive behaviour
- both sets of problems

Front 2

children with ADHD have:

Back 2

- peer-relations difficulty
- learning disabilities in 15-30%
- 50% placed in special ed programs
- comorbidity with anxiety disorders

Front 3

prevalence of ADHD

Back 3

- 5.29% worldwide
- more common in boys than girls
- decreased severity of symptoms in adolescence

Front 4

biological theories of ADHD

Back 4

- genetic component supported by adoption and twin studies (75% heritable)

- differences in brain structure and function

- environmental toxins (smoking during pregnancy)

Front 5

psychological theories of ADHD

Back 5

diathesis-stress theory
- hyperactivity develops when predisposition to disorder is coupled with authoritarian upbringing

- learning may play a role in hyperactivity

Front 6

treatment of ADHD

Back 6

- stimulant drugs (ritalin)

- nonstimulant drugs (strattera is a selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor)

- psychological treatment (parent training, classroom management)

Front 7

conduct disorder (CD)

Back 7

behaviours that violate basic rights of others and major societal norms

Front 8

oppositional defiant disorder (ODD)

Back 8

- diagnosed if child does not meet criteria for CD
- physical aggression, losing temper, arguing with adults, lack of compliance with requests from adults, deliberately annoying others, being angry

Front 9

prevalence of CD/ODD

Back 9

more common in boys (8%) than girls (3%) aged 4-16

Front 10

biological factors of etiology for CD

Back 10

- genetic influence (aggressive behaviour)
- neuropsychological deficits (poor verbal skills, problems with memory, difficulty with executive functioning)

Front 11

psychological factors

Back 11

- hostile/ineffective parenting practises
- lacks parental discipline
- learning theories (modelling, operant conditioning)
- socio-cultural context factors (neighbourhood and classroom environments)

Front 12

treatment of conduct disorder

Back 12

- fairer distribution of income
- jailing juvenile delinquents does not reduce crime
- family interventions

Front 13

learning disabilities

Back 13

- inadequate development in a specific area of academic, language, speech, or motor skills
- usually identified and treated in school system
- more common in males than in females

Front 14

learning disorders (3)

Back 14

- reading disorder (dyslexia) (difficulty with word recognition and reading comprehension)

- mathematics disorder

- disorders of written expression (impairment in ability to compose written word)

Front 15

communication disorders (3)

Back 15

- expressive language disorder (difficulty in expressing speech)

- phonological disorder (speech is not clear, can't articulate well)

- stuttering (disturbance in verbal fluency)

Front 16

etiology of learning disabilities

Back 16

- biological factors
- family environment

Front 17

mental retardation

Back 17

- sub-average intellectual functioning
- deficits in adaptive behaviour
- occurring before age 18
- more prevalent in boys than girls (1.6:1)

Front 18

classification of mental retardation

Back 18

- mild (50-55 to 70 IQ, 85% of people)
- moderate (35-40 to 50-55 IQ, 10% of people)
- severe mental retardation (20-25 to 35-40 IQ, 3-4% of people)
- profound (below 20-25 IQ, 1-2% of people)

Front 19

etiology of mental retardation

Back 19

- some with no identifiable etiology
- heredity disorders
- early alterations of embryonic development
- late pregnancy and prenatal problems
- medical conditions/accidents in childhood
- environment influences

Front 20

pervasive developmental disorders

Back 20

- autism
- asperger's syndrome
- rett's disorder
- childhood disintegrative disorder

Front 21

childhood fears and anxiety disorders

Back 21

separation anxiety disorder
school phobia
social phobia