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77 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Inca
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hey began to expand their influence in the twelfth century and in the early sixteenth century, they exercised control over more territory than any other people had done in South American history. The empire consisted of over one million individuals, spanning a territory stretching from Ecuador to northern Chile.
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Maya
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The Maya is a Mesoamerican civilization, noted for the only known fully developed written language of the pre-Columbian Americas, as well as its art, architecture, and mathematical and astronomical systems.
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Aztec
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Ethnic groups of central Mexico, particularly those groups who spoke the Nahuatl language and who dominated large parts of Mesoamerica in the 14th, 15th and 16th centuries.
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Chaco Canyon
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Chaco Canyon was the center of Anasazi civilization, its many large pueblos probably serving as administrative and ceremonial centers for a widespread population.
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Woodland Indians
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Woodland Indians placed greater emphasis on a more sedentary life by tending plants and cultivating maize, sunflower, beans, and squash.
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Mobile Societies (natives)
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Natives who are dedicated to migrating and are more hunters and gatherers.
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Agriculture (natives)
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Natives who are dedicated to using the lands soil to harvest crops.
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Leif Erikson
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A Norse explorer who is regarded as the first European to land in North America nearly 500 years before Christopher Columbus.He established a Norse settlement at Vinland.
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Prince Henry the Navigator
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Responsible for the beginning of the European worldwide explorations and maritime trade.Henry became aware of the profit possibilities in the Saharan trade routes that terminated there and became fascinated with Africa in general.
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Christopher Columbus
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initiated the process of Spanish colonization which foreshadowed general European colonization of the "New World".
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Ferdinand Magellan
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Circumscribed the globe.
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The Conquistadors
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refer to the Spanish soldiers, explorers, and adventurers who brought much of the Americas under the control of Spain in the 15th through the 19th centuries following Europe's discovery of the New World
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Cortes
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Spanish conquistador who led an expedition that caused the fall of the Aztec Empire and brought large portions of mainland Mexico under the rule of the King of Castille in the early 16th century
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Fransisco Pizarro
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Spanish conquistador, conqueror of the Inca Empire and founder of Lima, the modern-day capital of Peru.
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Ordinance of Discovery
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Catholic Missionaries (natives)
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Series of religious and military outposts established by Spanish Catholics of the Franciscan Order between 1769 and 1823 to spread the Christian faith among the local Native Americans.
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St. Augustine 1565
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Ecomiendas
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A labor system that was employed by the Spanish crown during the Spanish colonization of the Americas and the Philippines. In the encomienda, the crown granted a person a specified number of natives for whom they were to take responsibility.
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Pueblo Revolt
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An uprising of many pueblos of the Pueblo people against Spanish colonization of the Americas in the New Spain province of New Mexico.
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Mestizo
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A person of European and American blood.
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John Cabot
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The official position of the Canadian and United Kingdom governments is that he landed on the island of Newfoundland. An Italian navigator and explorer.
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Richard Hakluyt
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An English writer principally remembered for his efforts in promoting and supporting the settlement of North America by the English through his works.
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Doctrine of Predestination
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A doctrine of Calvinism which deals with the question of the control God exercises over the world.
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The English Reformation
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The English Reformation was the series of events in 16th-century England by which the Church of England first broke away from the authority of the Pope and the Roman Catholic Church.
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John Calvin
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Founder of Calvinism. Criticized the church for selling salvation and other corrupt deeds.
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Puritan Sepratists
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The Separatists were severely critical of the Church of England and wanted to either destroy it or separate from it.
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Elizabeth the I
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The fifth and last monarch of the Tudor dynasty in England.
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Coureurs De Bois
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An individual who engaged in the fur trade without permission from the French authorities.
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New Amsterdam
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A 17th-century Dutch colonial settlement that served as the capital of New Netherland. It later became New York City.
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West India Company
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A chartered company of Dutch merchants. The intended purpose of the charter was to eliminate competition, particularly Spanish or Portuguese, between the various trading posts established by the merchants. The company became instrumental in the Dutch colonization of the Americas.
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Sir Walter Raleigh
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An English aristocrat, writer, poet, soldier, courtier, spy and explorer who is also largely known for making tobacco popular in England.
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Roanoke
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An enterprise financed and organized by Sir Walter Raleigh located in North Carolina.
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James I
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Helped found and govern Jamestown. His leadership and strict discipline helped the Virginia colony get through the difficult first winter.
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Jamestown
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First permanent English settlement in the U.S.
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John Smith
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An English soldier, explorer, and author remembered for his role in establishing Jamestown.
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Lord De Lawar
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He served as governor of the Jamestown Colony, and the Delaware Bay was named after him.
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Tobacco
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A plant popular in America, Cuba, and China, usually chewed, smoked or huffed.
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Virginia Company
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Refers to a pair of English joint stock companies chartered by James I on with the purposes of establishing settlements on the coast of North America.
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Head-right System
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Headrights were parcels of land consisting of about 50 acres which were given to colonists who brought indentured servants into America. They were used by the Virginia Company to attract more colonists.
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Powhatans
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a
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Maryland and the Calverts
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The Calverts founded the colony of Maryland.
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Proprietary Rule
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a
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Toleration Act
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An act by parliament granting freedom of worship. One series of measures that established the Glorious Revolution in England.
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Bacon’s Rebellion
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Nathaniel Bacon and other western Virginia settlers were angry at Virginia Governor Berkley for trying to appease the Doeg Indians after the Doegs attacked the western settlements. The frontiersmen formed an army, with Bacon as its leader, which defeated the Indians and then marched on Jamestown and burned the city.
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Plymouth Plantation
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Place where the pilgrims celebrated the first thanksgivng.
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Mayflower Compact
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The first agreement for self-government in America. It was signed by the 41 men on the Mayflower and set up a government for the Plymouth colony.
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William Bradford
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A Pilgrim, the second governor of the Plymouth colony, 1621-1657. He developed private land ownership and helped colonists get out of debt. He helped the colony survive droughts, crop failures, and Indian attacks.
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Colonial Currency
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Few coins
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John Winthrop
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He became the first governor of the Massachusetts Bay colony. A Puritan. He opposed total democracy, believing the colony was best governed by a small group of skillful leaders. He helped organize the New England Confederation in 1643 and served as its first president.
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Theocratic Society
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Theocracy is a form of government in which a god or deity is recognized as the state's supreme civil ruler.
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Roger Williams
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He left the Massachusetts colony and purchased the land from a neighboring Indian tribe to found the colony of Rhode Island. Rhode Island was the only colony at that time to offer complete religious freedom.
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Anne Hutchinson
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She preached the idea that God communicated directly to individuals instead of through the church elders. She was forced to leave Massachusetts in 1637. Her followers (the Antinomianists) founded the colony of New Hampshire in 1639.
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Pequot War
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The Pequot War was an armed conflict in 1634-1638 between an alliance of Massachusetts Bay and Plymouth colonies with Native American allies against the Pequot tribe.
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King Philips War
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1675 - A series of battles in New Hampshire between the colonists and the Wompanowogs, led by a chief known as King Philip.
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The Narragansetts
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An Algonquian Native American tribe from Rhode Island.
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English Civil War
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A series of armed conflicts between Parliamentarians and Royalists. The Civil War ended with the Parliamentary victory at the Battle of Worcester on September 3, 1651.
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Middle Colonies
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The Breadbasket Colonies.
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Quakers
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Members of the Religious Society of Friends, a faith that emerged as a new Christian denomination in England during a period of religious turmoil in the mid-1600's.
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William Penn
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William Penn received a land grant from King Charles II, and used it to form a colony that would provide a haven for Quakers. His colony, Pennsylvania, allowed religious freedom.
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Charter of Liberties
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A written proclamation by Henry I of England to bind the King to certain laws regarding the treatment of church officials and nobles.
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Black Codes
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State and local laws passed in the United States to limit the basic human rights and civil liberties of African Americans.
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Holy Experiment
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An attempt by the Quakers to establish a community for themselves in Pennsylvania.
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California 1760’s
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James Oglethorpe
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Founder of the colony of Georgia who hoped to resettle Britain's poor, especially those in debtors' prison, in the New World.
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Mercantilism
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A belief that the prosperity of a nation is dependent upon its supply of capital.
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The Navigation Acts
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A series of laws which restricted the use of foreign shipping for trade between England and its colonies, which started in 1651
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Sir Edmond Andros
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Governor of the Dominion of New England from 1686 until 1692, when the colonists rebelled and forced him to return to England.
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The Glorious Revolution
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The overthrow of King James II of England (VII of Scotland and II of Ireland) in 1688 by a union of Parliamentarians with an invading army led by William III of Orange-Nassau (William of Orange) who, as a result, ascended the English throne with his wife.
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Cambridge Agreement
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An agreement made on August 29, 1629, between the shareholders of the Massachusetts Bay Company that led directly to the foundation of Boston, Massachusetts.
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Church of England (Anglican)
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The Mother Church of the Anglican Communion and the oldest among the communion's thirty-eight independent nations.
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Covenant Theology
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Puritan teachings emphasized the biblical covenants: God’s covenants with Adam and with Noah, the covenant of grace between God and man through Christ.
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Halfway Covenant
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The Half-way Covenant applied to those members of the Puritan colonies who were the children of church members, but who hadn’t achieved grace themselves. The covenant allowed them to participate in some church affairs.
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Thomas Hooker
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Clergyman, one of the founders of Hartford. Called "the father of American democracy" because he said that people have a right to choose their magistrates.
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Joint Stock Company
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A company made up of a group of shareholders. Each shareholder contributes some money to the company and receives some share of the company’s profits and debts.
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Cavaliers (1642-1647)
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In the English Civil War (1642-1647), these were the troops loyal to Charles II. Their opponents were the Roundheads, loyal to Parliament and Oliver Cromwell.
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John Locke
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Locke was a British political theorist who wrote the Fundamental Constitution for the Carolinas colony, but it was never put into effect. The constitution would have set up a feudalistic government headed by an aristocracy which owned most of the land.
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Saybrook Platform
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It organized town churches into county associations which sent delegates to the annual assembly which governed the colony of Connecticut.
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