Chapter 1 & Chapter 2

Front 1

Incas

Back 1

The Incas civilization began as a tribe in the Cusco area.Founded in Cusco, in 1200, and under leadership the desendants of Marco Apac.

Front 2

Mayas

Back 2

The Maya is Mesoamerican Civilization. They deloped the writing language of the pre-Columias Americans, as art, artichecture, and mathematical and astronomical system.

Front 3

Aztecs

Back 3

The Aztec people were certain ethnic groups of central Mexico.the Acolhuas of Texcoco and the Tepanecs of Tlacopan, who together with the Mexica formed the Aztec Triple Alliance which has also become known as the Aztec Empire.From the 13th century Valley of Mexico was the core of Aztec civilization.Aztec culture and history is primarily known through archaeological evidence found in excavations such as that of the renowned Templo Mayor in Mexico City.

Front 4

Chaco Cayon

Back 4

Chaco Culture National Historical Park is a United States national historical park hosting the densest and most exceptional concentration of pueblos in the American Southwest.Between AD 900 and 1150, Chaco Canyon was a major center of culture for the Ancient Pueblo Peoples.A small population of Basketmakers remained in the Chaco Canyon area.

Front 5

Woodland Indians

Back 5

From before 1000 BC until 1000 AD the North American continent was inhabited by prehistoric Native Americans of the Woodland era.Early Woodland Indians probably continued to be nomadic to some extent, but did begin to develop ritualistic burials and extended trade networks.

Front 6

Mobile Societies (Native)

Back 6

Natives often cleared the land by setting a forest fires or cutting into trees to kill them. Many of the tribes living east of the Mississipi River were linked together loosely by common linguistic roots. he largest of the language groups was the Algonquin tribes. which lived along the Atalntic seaboard from Canada to Virginia.

Front 7

Agriculture (Natives)

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The first humans visted what is now Virginia could hunt animals, gather fruits from tree and pull handfuls of seed from wild plants.About 1,000 years ago, additional domesticated species - corn, beans, and a new form of swuash - were introduced Mexico/southwestern united Staes

Front 8

Leif Erikson

Back 8

He was a Norse explorer who is regarded as the first European to land in North America, nearly 500 years before Christopher Columbus.According to the Sagas of Icelanders, he established a Norse settlement at Vinland

Front 9

Prince Henry the Navigator

Back 9

Henry the Navigator of the Kingdom of Portugal and an important figure in the early days of the Portuguese Empire, being responsible for the beginning of the European worldwide explorations and maritime trade.Henry the Navigator was the third child of King John I of Portugal, the founder of the Aviz dynasty, and of Philippa of Lancaster, the daughter of John of Gaunt.

Front 10

Christopher Columbus

Back 10

Was a navigator, colonizer, and explorer from Genoa, Italy. whose voyages across the Atlantic Ocean led to general European awareness of the American continents in the Western Hemisphere.

Front 11

Ferdinand Magellan

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was a Portuguese explorer. He was born at Sabrosa, in northern Portugal, but later obtained Spanish nationality in order to serve King Charles I of Spain in search of a westward route to the "Spice Islands"Magellan's expedition of 1519–1522 became the first expedition to sail from the Atlantic Ocean into the Pacific Ocean and the first to cross the Pacific. It also completed the first circumnavigation of the Earth,

Front 12

The Conquistadors

Back 12

Spanish explorer, adventurers and soldiers, who brought much of the Americas under the control of Spain in the 15th through the 19th centuries following Europe's discovery of the New World by Christopher Columbus in 1492.

Front 13

Hernan Cortes

Back 13

Was a Spanish conquistador who led an expedition that caused the fall of the Aztec Empire and brought large portions of mainland Mexico under the rule of the King of Castile in the early 16th century.

Front 14

Francisco Pizarro

Back 14

was a Spanish conquistador, conqueror of the Incan Empire and founder of Lima, the modern-day capital of Peru.

Front 15

Ordinance of Discovery (Aztec)

Back 15

law issued by King Philip II. The importance of this law was to keep track of all political and economic life in newly discovered places.

Front 16

Catholic Missionaries (natives)

Back 16

The Spanish missions in California comprise a series of religious and military outposts established by Spanish Catholics of the Franciscan Order between 1769 and 1823 to spread the Christian faith among the local Native Americans.

Front 17

St. Augustine 1565

Back 17

St. Augustine is a city in the northeast section of Florida and the county seat of St. Johns County, Florida, United States.Founded in 1565 by Spanish explorer and admiral, Pedro Menéndez de Avilés, it is the oldest continuously occupied European-established city and port in the United States.

Front 18

Encomiendas

Back 18

The encomienda is a labor system that was employed by the Spanish crown during the Spanish colonization of the Americas and the Philippines. In the encomienda, the crown granted a person a specified number of natives for whom they were to take responsibility.

Front 19

Pueblo Revolt

Back 19

The Pueblo Revolt of 1680 or Popé's Rebellion was an uprising of many pueblos of the Pueblo people against Spanish colonization of the Americas in the New Spain province of New Mexico.

Front 20

Mestizo

Back 20

Mestizo is a Spanish term that was used during the Spanish colonial period in Latin America to refer to people of mixed European and Amerindian ancestry.

Front 21

John Cabot

Back 21

Giovanni Caboto was an Italian navigator and explorer whose 1497 discovery of North America is commonly held to be the first European voyage to the continent since Norse exploration of the Americas in the early eleventh century. The official position of the Canadian and United Kingdom governments is that he landed on the island of Newfoundland.

Front 22

Richard Hakluyt

Back 22

He is principally remembered for his efforts in promoting and supporting the settlement of North America by the English through his works, notably Divers Voyages Touching the Discoverie of America (1582) and The Principal Navigations, Voiages, Traffiques and Discoueries of the English Nation .

Front 23

Doctrine of Predestination

Back 23

The Calvinistic doctrine of predestination is a doctrine of Calvinism which deals with the question of the control God exercises over the world. In the words of the Westminster Confession of Faith, God "freely and unchangeably ordained whatsoever comes to pass

Front 24

The English Reformation

Back 24

The English Reformation was the series of events in 16th-century England by which the Church of England first broke away from the authority of the Pope and the Roman Catholic Church.

Front 25

John Calvin

Back 25

was an influential French theologian and pastor during the Protestant Reformation. He was a principal figure in the development of the system of Christian theology later called Calvinism

Front 26

Puritan Sepratists

Back 26

The Puritans were a significant grouping of English-speaking Protestants in the 16th and 17th centuries.

Front 27

Elizabeth the I

Back 27

was Queen regnant of England and Queen regnant of Ireland from 17 November 1558 until her death.

Front 28

Coureur Des Bois

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was an individual who engaged in the fur trade without permission from the French authorities. The coureurs de bois, mostly of French descent, operated during the late 17th century and early 18th century in eastern North America, particularly in New France. Later, a limited number of permits were issued to coureurs des bois who became known as voyageurs.

Front 29

New Amsterdam

Back 29

was a 17th-century Dutch colonial settlement that served as the capital of New Netherland. It later became New York City. A year later in 1625, construction of a citadel comprising Fort Amsterdam was commenced on the southern tip of nearby Manhattan Island and the first settlers were moved there from Governors Island. The town was founded in 1625 by Willem Verhulst who, together with his council, selected Manhattan Island as the optimal place for permanent settlement by the Dutch West India Company.

Front 30

West India Company

Back 30

Dutch West India Company a chartered company of Dutch merchants. The company became instrumental in the Dutch colonization of the Americas.

French West India Company, a chartered company established in 1664.

Danish West India-Guinea Company, was a Danish chartered company that exploited colonies in the Danish West Indies. It was founded as the Danish Africa Company in 1659 in Glückstadt by two Dutchmen Isaac Coymans and Nicolaes Pancras.

The Swedish colonization of the Americas included a 17th-century colony on the Delaware River in what is now Delaware, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Maryland, as well as two possessions in the Caribbean during the 18th and 19th century.

Front 31

Sir Walter Raleigh

Back 31

was an English aristocrat, writer, poet, soldier, courtier, spy and explorer who is also largely known for popularising tobacco in England.

Front 32

Roanoke

Back 32

Known as the "Capital of the Blue Ridge", and a crossaroads for commerce, the city Roanke's history began in the 1740s. Marks Evan and Tasker Tosh came from Pennslyvania and took up land near the salt licks where Indian and animal trails crossed in the center of ceter of the Valley.

Front 33

James I

Back 33

James I and IV was king of Scots as James VI from 1567 to 1625, and King of England and Ireland as Jaes I from 1603-1625. On March 24, 1603 as James I, he succeded the last Tudor monarch of England and Ireland, Elizabeth I, who died without issue.

Front 34

Jamestown

Back 34

On May 14, 1607, the Virginia Company explorers landed on Jamestown Island to establish the Virginia English colony on the banks of the James River, 60 miles from mouth Cheasepeak Bay.

Front 35

John Smith

Back 35

Admiral of New England was an English soldier, explorer, and author. He is remembered for his role in establishing the first permanent English settlement in North America at Jamestown, Virginia, and his brief association with the Virginia Indiangirl Pocahontas during an altercation with the Powhatan Confederacy and her father, Chief Powhatan.

Front 36

Lord De Lawar

Back 36

On December 7, 1787, Delaware, became the first state to ratify the United States Constitution. Before that, it was the only colony to be claimed by Sweden, Holland and England. And before that, there is some evidence that Egyptian explorers found their way to the state.

Front 37

Tobacco

Back 37

Tobacco is an agricultural product processed from the leaves of plants in the genus Nicotiana. It can be consumed, used as an organic pesticide and, in the form of nicotine tartrate, it is used in some medicines. It is most commonly used as a recreational drug, and is a valuable cash crop for countries such as Cuba, China and United States.

Front 38

Virginia Company

Back 38

Collected a pair English joint stock companies chatered by James I on 10 april 1606 with the purpose of establishing settlements on the coast of North America. The two companies called the "Virginia Company of London"

Front 39

Headright System

Back 39

Is a legal grant of land to settlers. Headright are the most notable for their role in the expansion of the thirteen British colonies in North America, the Virginia Company London gave head to settlers and the Plymouth Company followed suit. Most of the headrights were for 1-100 acrees of land and were given anoyone willing to cross the Atantic Ocean and help populate the colonies.

Front 40

Powhatan

Back 40

The Powhatan is the name of a Virginia Indian tribe. It is also the name of a powerful group of tribes which they dominated. It is estimitated that there were about 14,000-21,000 of these native Powhata people in eastern Virginia in 1607.

Front 41

Maryland and the Calvert

Back 41

The history of Maryland included only Native Americans until Europeans, starting with John Cabot in 1498, began exploring the area. The first settlements came in 1634 when the English arrived in significant numbers and created a permanent colony. In 1776, during the American Revolution, Maryland became a state in the United States.

Front 42

Proprietary Rule

Back 42

The history of the colonial period of South Carolina includes French, Spanish, and English efforts to colonize the southeastern area

Front 43

Toleration Act

Back 43

The Act of Toleration was an act of the English Parliament. Jump to: navigation, search
Maryland Toleration Act

A large broadside reprint of the Maryland Toleration Act
Other names Act Concerning Religion
Participants Colonial Assembly of Maryland
Location Maryland Colony
Date September 21, 1649
Result Repealed in October 1692

The Maryland Toleration Act, also known as the Act Concerning Religion, was a law mandating religious tolerance for trinitarian Christians.

Front 44

Bacon's Rebellion

Back 44

Bacon's Rebellion was an uprising in 1676 in the Virginia Colony, led by Nathaniel Bacon, a wealthy planter. It was the first rebellion in the American colonies in which discontented frontiersmen took part.some historians also consider it a power play by Bacon against the Royal Governor of Virginia, William Berkeley, and his policies of favoring his own court.

Front 45

Plymouth Plantation

Back 45

Is an old notebook and is the single most complete authority for the story of the Pilgrims and the early years of the Colony they founded. Written between 1620 and 1647, the journal describes the story of the Pilgrims from 1608, when they settled in the Netherlands through the 1620 Mayflower voyage, until the year 1647. The book ends with a list, written in 1650, of Mayflower passengers and what happened to them.

Front 46

Mayflower Compact

Back 46

This bas-relief depicting the signing of the Mayflower Compact is on Bradford Street in Provincetown directly below the Pilgrim Monument.
The Mayflower Compact, a painting by Jean Leon Gerome Ferris which was widely reproduced through much of the 20th century
Bradford's transcription of the compactThe Mayflower Compact was the first governing document of Plymouth Colony. It was signed on November 11, 1620.

Front 47

William Bradford

Back 47

was an English leader of the settlers of the Plymouth Colony in Massachusetts, and was elected thirty times to be the Governor after John Carver died. His Journal was published as Of Plymouth Plantation. Bradford is the first to proclaim what popular American culture now views as the first Thanksginving.

Front 48

Colonial Currency

Back 48

Early American currency went through several stages of development in the colonial and post-Revolutionary history of the United States. The British Parliament passed Currency Acts in 1751, 1764, and 1773 that regulated colonial paper money.

Front 49

John Winthrop

Back 49

He obtained a royal charter, along with other wealthy Puritans, from King Charles I for the Massachusetts Bay Company and led a group of English Puritans to the New World in 1630.

Front 50

Theocratic Society

Back 50

Theocracy is a form of government in which a god or deity is recognized as the state's supreme civil ruler, or in a higher sense, a form of government in which a state is governed by immediate divine guidance or by officials who are regarded as divinely guided.

Front 51

Roger Williams

Back 51

As a young man in England, Roger Williams was a protégé of the famed Sir Edward Coke and appeared to have a promising future in the law. Williams’ Nonconformist leanings lured him across the Atlantic to Plymouth in 1631.

Front 52

Anne Hutchinson

Back 52

She was a pioneer settler in Massachusetts, Rhode Island and New Netherlands and the unauthorized minister of a dissident church discussion group. Hutchinson held Bible meetings for women that soon appealed to men as well.

Front 53

Pequot War

Back 53

The Pequot War was an armed conflict in 1634-1638 between an alliance of Massachusetts Bay and Plymouth colonies with Native American allies against the Pequot tribe. The result was the elimination of the Pequot as a viable polity in what is present-day Southern New England. Most of the Pequot people, warriors or otherwise, were killed by the colonists and their allies, or captured and sold into slavery in Bermuda.

Front 54

King Philip's War

Back 54

was an armed conflict between Native American inhabitants of present-day southern New England and English colonists and their Native American allies in 1675–1676. The war is named after the main leader of the Native American side, Metacomet, Metacom, or Pometacom, known to the English as "King Philip."

Front 55

The Narragansett

Back 55

more than 10,000 in 1610, but by 1674 this had dropped to 5,000. The Narragansett lost almost 20% of their population in a single battle with the English in December of 1675. Massacre and starvation soon killed most of the others. The Narragansett tribe are a Algonquian Native American tribe from Rhode Island.

Front 56

English Civil War

Back 56

was a series of armed conflicts and political machinations between Parliamentarians and Royalists.

The Civil War led to the trial and execution of Charles I, the exile of his son, Charles II, and replacement of English monarchy with first, the Commonwealth of England, and then with a Protectorate, under Oliver Cromwell's personal rule.

Front 57

Middle Colonies

Back 57

The Middle Colonies, also known as the Bread Colonies or the Breadbasket Colonies for the region's production of wheat, grain, and oats,were one area of the Thirteen British Colonies in pre-Revolutionary War Northern America. The Middle Colonies became the states of New Jersey, Pennsylvania, New York and Delaware.The Middle Colonies had rich soil, allowing the area to become a major exporter of wheat and other grains.

Front 58

Quakers

Back 58

The first Quaker missionaries arrived on America's shores in 1656, one hundred and twenty years before the signing of the Declaration of Independence.In 1657, a boatload of Quaker missionaries from England landed on Long Island.

Front 59

William Penn

Back 59

He was an English real estate entrepreneur, philosopher, and founder and "absolute proprietor" of the Province of Pennsylvania, the English North American colony and the future U. S. State of Pennsylvania.

Front 60

Charter of Liberties

Back 60

it was a written proclamation by Henry I of England, issued upon his accession to the throne in 1100.

Front 61

Black Codes

Back 61

The Black Codes were laws passed on the state and local level in the United States, but mostly in the south, to limit the basic human rights and civil liberties of African Americans. From the early 19th century, the term Black Codes is used most often to refer to legislation passed by Southern states at the end of the Civil War to control the labor, movements and activities of newly-freed slaves.

Front 62

Holy Experiment

Back 62

was an attempt by the Quakers to establish a community for themselves in Pennsylvania.

Front 63

California 1760’s

Back 63

The History of Santa Monica, California, covers the significant events and movements in Santa Monica's past.

Front 64

James Oglethorpe

Back 64

was a British general, a philanthropist, and was the founder of the colony of Georgia. As a social reformer in Britain, he hoped to resettle Britain's poor, especially those in debtors' prison, in the New World

Front 65

Mercantilism

Back 65

Mercantilism is an economic theory, thought to be a form of economic nationalism, that holds that the prosperity of a nation is dependent upon its supply of capital, and that the global volume of international trade is "unchangeable". Economic capital are represented by bullion or gold, silver, and trade value, held by the state, which is best increased through a positive balance of trade with other nations.

Front 66

The Navigation Acts

Back 66

The English Navigation Acts were a series of laws which restricted the use of foreign shipping for trade between England and its colonies, which started in 1651. At their outset, they were a factor in the Anglo-Dutch Wars. Later, they were one of several sources of resentment in the American colonies against Great Britain, helping cause the American Revolutionary War. They formed the basis for British overseas trade for nearly 200 years

Front 67

Edmund Andros

Back 67

He served for a short time in the army of Prince Henry of Nassau, and in 1660-1662 was gentleman in ordinary to the queen of Bohemia,

Front 68

The Glorious Revolution

Back 68

also called the Revolution of 1688, was the overthrow of King James II of England, in 1688 by a union of Parliamentarians with an invading army led by the Dutch stadtholder William III of Orange-Nassau who, as a result, ascended the English throne as William III of England together with his wife Mary II of England.

Front 69

William Bradford

Back 69

was an English leader of the settlers of the Plymouth Colony in Massachusetts, and was elected thirty times to be the Governor after John Carver died. His Journal was published as Of Plymouth Plantation. Bradford is credited as the first to proclaim what popular American culture now views as the first Thanksgiving.

Front 70

Cambridge Agreement

Back 70

The Cambridge Agreement was a deal over whether the Massachusetts Bay Colony would be under local control, in New England, or under the control of a corporate board in London. Not all the members of the Company were actually interested in emigrating, but even they were either sympathetic Puritans or investors.

Front 71

Church of England (Anglican)

Back 71

This is the most olders church in the comunity

The Church of England understands itself to be both Catholic and Reformed

-Catholic in that it views itself as a part of the universal church of Jesus Christ in unbroken continuity with the early apostolic and later medieval church
-Reformed to the extent that it has been shaped by some of the doctrinal and institutional principles of the 16th century Protestant Reformation.

Front 72

Covenant Theology

Back 72

is a conceptual overview and interpretive framework for understanding the overall flow of the Bible. It uses the theological concept of covenant as an organizing principle for Christian theology.

Front 73

Half-way Covenant

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was a form of partial church membership created by New England in 1662. First-generation settlers were beginning to die out, while their children and grandchildren often expressed less religious piety, and more desire for material wealth.

Front 74

Thomas Hooker

Back 74

was a prominent Puritan religious and colonial leader, who founded the Colony of Connecticut after dissenting with Puritan leaders in Massachusetts. He was known as an outstanding speaker and a leader of universal Christian suffrage. Hooker also had a role in creating the "Fundamental Orders of Connecticut", one of the world's first written constitutions.

Front 75

Saybrook Platform

Back 75

Saybrook Platform refers to conservative religious proposals adopted at Saybrook, Connecticut in September 1708.

Front 76

Joint stock company

Back 76

A JSC is a type of business entity, it is a type of corporation or partnership involving two or more legal persons. Certificates of stock are issued by the company in return for each financial contribution, and the shareholders are free to transfer their ownership interest at any time by selling their stockholding to others.

Front 77

Cavaliers (1642-1647)

Back 77

In the English Civil War (1642-1647), these were the troops loyal to Charles II. Their opponents were the Roundheads, loyal to Parliament and Oliver Cromwell.

Front 78

John Locke

Back 78

Locke was a British political theorist who wrote the Fundamental Constitution for the Carolinas colony, but it was never put into effect. The constitution would have set up a feudalistic government headed by an aristocracy which owned most of the land.