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32 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Functions of the lymphatic system
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- return tissue fluid to blood (assistance in normal blood pressure)
-protects body against foreign antigens |
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Anatomy of Lymphatic system
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-lymph
-lymph vessels -lymph nodes/nodules -spleen -thymus |
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Lymph
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-found in lymphatic vessels (water/fluid)
-similar to plasma, but has an increased amount of white blood cells |
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Lymphatic vessels
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-begin as dead- end lymph capillaries
-found in tissue spaces -permeable: collect tissue fluid and proteins -lacteals: specialized lymph capillaries in small intestine |
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Anatomy of lymph vessels
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-similar to veins
-contains valves to prevent back flow of lymph |
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Movement of lymph
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-smooth muscle layer constricts
-skeletal muscle pump (in legs) -respiratory pump (by our lungs) |
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Flow of lymph
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-lymph goes back to blood
-lower body lymph vessels: unite anterior to lumbar vertebrae- form vessel cistern chyli- thoracic duct- left subclavian vein -upper left quadrant lymph vessels: join thoracic duct- empties lymph- left subclavian vein |
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Lymph nodes
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-large masses of lymphatic tissue that produce lymphocytes and monocytes
-systemic: throughout the body to fight against infection -swollen glands- "strep throat" **cervical lymphadenopathy: swollen lymph nodes |
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Lymph nodules
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-small masses of lymphatic tissue found beneath epithelium of all mucous membranes (body tracts that open to external environmental)
-example: peyer's patches, tonsils *redundant structures- more than one organ can do the job |
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Spleen
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-location: upper left quadrant of the abdominal cavity
-functions: labels pathogens for destruction -vital organ? No, because it can be removed and you can still live. Other organs can do its job. |
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Thymus gland
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-location: inferior to thyroid gland
-functions: immunological competence -target organ: T-lymphocytes (distinguish between foreign & self antigens) -hormone secreted: thymic hormone |
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Self-recognition
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-the ability to distinguish the cells that belong in the body versus the ones that don't
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Self-tolerance
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-the ability to not react to proteins and other organic molecules our cells produce
** T-cells that do react will be inactivated or destroyed |
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Immunity
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-protection against disease
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Antigens
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-chemical marker (name tag)
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Malignant cells
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-may be formed as a result of mutations of normal cells
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Organ transplants
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-organ can be recognized as foreign, therefore you have to take immunosuppressants in order to allow your body to have a chance with the new organ
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Natural killer cells
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-destroy pathogens
*** produced by T lymphocytes |
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Lymphocytes (2 primary types)
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-T cells
-B cells |
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T cells |
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B cells |
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Mechanisms of immunity
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-Step 1: recognition of foreign antigen
-macrophages: monocytes converted-perform phagocytosis -helper T cells: identify foreign antigens -Step 2: initiation of cell-mediated or humoral immunity processes |
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Cell-mediated immunity
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-does not use antibodies
-used to destroy viruses, fungi, malignant cells, foreign tissue grafts |
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Antibodies
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-proteins
-also known as immune globulins or gamma globulins -produced by plasma cells -each antibody is specific to a single antigen to make sure it gets destroyed |
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Classes of antibodies |
Know one name, location&function |
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Antibody responses
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-1st exposure: first time seeing this antigen in the body (slow)
-2nd exposure: second time antigen tries to come back in (fast) |
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Types of immunity
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-genetic: does not involve antibodies; is programmed in DNA
-acquired: not born with it but obtain it after birth; does involve antibodies
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Acquired immunity
(types of immunity) |
-Passive
-Active
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Acquired passive immunity
(types of immunity) |
-Passive: antibodies from another source (you do not produce them)
+natural: mother produces antibodies, fetus does not +artificial: antibodies were given not produced (injections)
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Acquired active immunity
(types of immunity) |
-Active: produce your own antibodies
+natural: recover from disease; production of antibodies & memory cells
+artificial: vaccine stimulates production of antibodies & memory cells |
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Nodes diagram |
Know nodes, tonsils, Peyers patches, spleen & thymus gland |
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Aging & the lymphatic system
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-immune system becomes weaker
-shingles is easier to get -chicken pox lays dormant& reactivates -arthritis (rheumatoid) -sees the body as foreign -cancer risks increase -pneumonia risks are higher -immune system is weaker which makes fighting infections harder |
