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42 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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list the 4 digestive functions: |
ingest; digest; absorb; defecate; |
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Describe the alimentary canal (aka the GI tract): |
a continuous, coiled, hollow muscular tube that winds through the ventral body cavity from stomach to anus. |
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list the 7 organs of the alimentary canal: |
mouth; pharynx; esophagus; stomach; small intestine; large intestine; anus; |
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where does food enter the digestive tract? |
the mouth (oral cavity) |
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what secures the tongue to the floor of the mouth and limits its posterior movements? |
the lingual frenulum (a fold of mucous membrane) |
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def uvula: |
a fleshy, fingerlike projection of the soft palate |
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what is the oral cavity proper? |
the area of the mouth contained by the teeth |
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what forms the anterior roof; and the posterior roof of the oral cavity? |
anterior roof: hard palate posterior roof: soft palate |
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what has attachments to the hyoid bone and the styloid processes of the skull? |
the (muscular) tongue |
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give names and locations of the tonsils (2): |
palatine: paired on either side of the back of the throat (posterior end of the oral cavity); lingual: covers the base of the tongue |
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def mastication |
chewing; crushing and grinding up food to increase surface area |
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what do the papillae, on the surface of the tongue, contain? |
taste buds or taste receptors; *to enjoy our food |
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name the 3 subdivisions of the pharynx, from highest to lowest: |
-nasopharynx (part of respiratory passageway); -oropharynx (posterior to the oral cavity); -laryngopharynx (continuous with the esophagus below); |
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how is food pushed along the pharynx and esophagus? |
peristalsis (propelling mechanism) |
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true of false: the esophagus is approx. 10 inches or 25 centimeters long: |
true; *it runs from the pharynx, through the diaphragm, to the stomach |
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list the 4 tissue layers (tunics), of the alimentary canal organs, from the innermost to outermost layer: |
mucosa; submucosa; muscularis; serosa; |
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what type of tissues make up the innermost layer (mucosa)? |
surface epithelium (mostly simple columnar); lamina propria (connective tissue); muscle layer (smooth) |
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what type of tissue is found in the submucosa; what does it contain? |
soft connective tissue; blood vessels, nerve endings, and lymphoid tissue and vessels |
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how is the muscle layer in the muscularis externa typically made up? what type of muscle is this? |
an inner circular layer; and an outer longitudinal layer; -smooth muscle |
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what is the name of the double-layered membrane of the peritoneum that supports most organs in the abdominal cavity? |
the mesentery |
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def peritonitis: |
an inflammation of the peritoneum *the peritoneal membranes tend to stick together around the infection site |
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name the 2 intrinsic nerve plexuses contained in the alimentary canal wall: |
the submucosal nerve plexus; the myenteric nerve plexus; |
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true or false: the intrinsic nerve plexuses are part of the autonomic nervous system |
true; *they help to regulate the mobility and secretory activities of the GI tract organs |
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true or false: the stomach, on the right side of the abdominal cavity, is nearly hidden by the liver and diaphragm |
false; it is on the left side *however, it is nearly hidden by these two organs |
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what is the name of the sphincter (or valve) through which food enters the stomach from the esophagus? |
the cardioesophageal sphincter |
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what is the pylorus? what is the name of the sphincter here? |
the opening from the stomach into the duodenum (small intestine); the pyloric sphincter |
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How long is the stomach? |
15-25 cm in length (6-10 inches); *the diameter and volume depend on how much food it contains |
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true or false: when the stomach is full, it can hold about 4 liters (1 gallon) of food |
true; *when empty, it collapses inward on itself, causing the mucosa to form rugae (large folds) |
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true or false: the stomach contains a third layer of muscle |
true; *it allows the stomach to physically churn, mix, and pummel food into smaller fragments and is located in the muscularis externa |
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true or false: chemical breakdown of protein begins in the stomach |
true; this is done by protein-digesting enzymes called pepsinogens |
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what is significant about the mucosa of the stomach? |
it forms a protective layer of bicarbonate-rich alkaline mucous that protects the wall from acid and digestive enzymes |
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what is intrinsic factor needed for? |
the absorption of vitamin B12 from the intestine |
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what cells produce pepsinogens? |
the chief cells |
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what cells are responsible for the production of hydrochloric acid (HCl)? |
parietal cells |
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why is HCl necessary for digestion? |
it activates the enzymes; pepsinogen-->pepsin |
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true or false: the average length of the small intestine is 2 to 4 meters (or 7 to 13 feet) |
true; it is the longest section of the alimentary tube |
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list the 3 subdivisions of the small intestine: |
5% = duodenum ("12 finger widths long"); ~40% = jejunum ("empty"); ~60% = ileum ("twisted intestine"); |
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where do the small and large intestines meet? |
at the ileocecal valve |
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how do enzymes, produced by the pancreas, get transported into the duodenum? |
through the pancreatic ducts |
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where is bile formed; and how does it enter the small intestine? |
in the liver; through the bile duct |
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true or false: nearly all food absorption occurs in the stomach: |
false; the small intestine is the site of most absorption |
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what is the brush border? |
the microvilli-covered surface of simple cuboidal epithelium found in the small intestine; great for increasing surface area and absorption |
