Chapter 14: Psychological Disorders

Front 1

Schizophrenia

Back 1

a mental disorder marked by a number of perceptual, emotional, and intellectual deficits along with a loss of contact with reality and inability to function in life

Front 2

When identical twins are discordant for schizophrenia

Back 2

over half of the nonschizophernic twins have spectrum disorders

Front 3

Vulnerability model

Back 3

a person will become schizophrenic if the combined genetic and environmental causal factors reach or exceed a threshold

Front 4

Environmental influences work in part by

Back 4

epigenetic means through altering gene expression

Front 5

Positive symptoms of schizophrenia(hallucinations and delusions)

Back 5

Tend to have an acute onset and respond well to drugs

Front 6

Negative symptoms of schizophrenia(lack of emotion and motivation)

Back 6

Chronic and are associated with brain deficits

Front 7

Type I schizophrenia

Back 7

positive symptoms and increased D2 receptors

Front 8

Type II schizophrenia

Back 8

poverty of speech, negative affect, associated with cell loss in the temporal II lobes

Front 9

Amphetamine overdoses

Back 9

produce psychotic behavior via increased dopamine activity

Front 10

Significant problem with prolonged use of dopamine blockers

Back 10

lead to tardive dyskinesia

Front 11

antipsychotic drugs (atypical)

Back 11

targe D2 receptors to a lesser degree and produce fewer motor disturbances

Front 12

Pcp induces strong negative symptoms and strongly inhibits?

Back 12

NMDA receptor

Front 13

Glycine which avitvates the NMDA receptor

Back 13

alleviates both postive and negative symptoms

Front 14

Deficits in which two lobes from schizophrenia

Back 14

frontal and temporal

Front 15

hypofrontality

Back 15

a condition in which working memory and other functions of the prefrontal cortex are impaired

Front 16

winter birth effect

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more people who eventually develop schizophrenia are born in January to MAy

Front 17

Bipolar disorder

Back 17

cycling between depression and mania or agitation

Front 18

Individuals with one or two copies of the "short" allele of the 5-HTTLPR serotonin transporter gene

Back 18

have an increased vulnerability to depression, along with reduced gray matter in amygdala and part of cingulate cortex

Front 19

genetic epistasis

Back 19

effect of allele suppressed by another gene

Front 20

BDNF

Back 20

a protein that encourages neuron growth and survival

Front 21

Common characteristic of depression

Back 21

disruption of the cicadian rhythm

Front 22

iproniazid

Back 22

a drug developed to treat tuberculosis

Front 23

tricyclic and atypical antidepressants

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act by blocking reuptake at the synapse

Front 24

Prozac

Back 24

increases serotonin levels

Front 25

norepinepherine

Back 25

related to motivation and responsiveness to the environment

Front 26

monoamine oxidase inhibitor

Back 26

non-nicotine component of tobacco smoke

Front 27

ketamine

Back 27

blocks NMDA glutamate receptors

Front 28

Cognitive behavior therapy

Back 28

nondrug treatment that is as effective as drug therapy

Front 29

Electroconvulsive therapy

Back 29

used to treat depression in extreme cases of nonresponsiveness to traditional therapy or who exhibit suicidal behaviors

Front 30

ECT is effective with

Back 30

depression mania and schizophrenia

Front 31

Effects of ECT

Back 31

increasing the sensitivity of postsynaptic serotonin receptors while decreasing it on autoreceptors of norepinephrine and dopamine neurons

Front 32

ECT and antidepressant drugs may relieve depression by

Back 32

enhancing neurogenesis in hippocampus

Front 33

Deep brain stimulation

Back 33

cnigulate cortex is stimulated directly from a pulse generator implanted uner skin

Front 34

Cicadian rhythm (depression)

Back 34

sleepy early in evening, waking early in morning or spending more time in REM sleep

Front 35

sleep deprivation

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can temporarily alleviate symptoms and most antidepressant drugs also reduce the amount of REM sleep

Front 36

seasonal affective disorder

Back 36

experience depression either in summer or winter and improve or experience hypomania

Front 37

winter depression

Back 37

reduced amount of natural light

Front 38

summer depression

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heat

Front 39

phototherapy (treats winter depression)

Back 39

exposure to high-intensity light for a few hours each day

Front 40

eating more carbs does what?

Back 40

increases brain serotonin levels

Front 41

people with bipolar disorder

Back 41

exhibit a great deal of variability in cycling

Front 42

lithium (treats bipolar disorder)

Back 42

stabilizes both manic and depressive episodes

Front 43

One specific effect of lithium and valproate is?

Back 43

inhibition of PKC a family of enzymes that regulate neural excitability

Front 44

larger ventricles indicates?

Back 44

decreased tissue volume

Front 45

Depression is associated with reduced activity in the?

Back 45

caudate nucleus and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex

Front 46

increased activity in the ventral prefrontal cortex

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may indicate state of depression

Front 47

subgenual prefrontal cortex

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may control cycling and could be referred to as a "bipolar switch"

Front 48

stress drathesis model

Back 48

the individual has a genetic predisposition for suicide

Front 49

Suicide associated with

Back 49

low levels of seratonin metabolite -HIAA

Front 50

Anxiety disorders include

Back 50

generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder and phobias

Front 51

Fear

Back 51

an adaptive response to real objects or events in environment

Front 52

benzodiazepines

Back 52

increase sensitivity to GABA

Front 53

Reduced serotonin activity implicated in

Back 53

anxiety disorders and from antidepressants

Front 54

PTSD

Back 54

recurrent thoughts or images, lack of focus, and overreactivity to environmental stimuli

Front 55

PTSD 4x more likely in

Back 55

women

Front 56

exposure therapy

Back 56

allows confrontation of the anxiety-provoking stimuli under safe conditions

Front 57

In general anxiety, phobia, and panic disorders

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the amygdala and anterior cingulate are hyperactive

Front 58

In phobias and PTSD

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the insular cortex is overly responsive

Front 59

hippocampus decreases its activity in PTSD patients

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could explain memory problem

Front 60

obsessive compulsive disorder

Back 60

recurring thoughts and resulting compulsive actions over which the person claims no control

Front 61

OCD associated with

Back 61

increased activity in the orbitofrontal cortex and the caudate nuclei

Front 62

acral lick syndrome

Back 62

a disorder in which dogs and cats overgroom themselves

Front 63

Tourette's syndrome

Back 63

characterized by recurring tics which are sudden, rapid, non-rhythmic facial expressions, body movements, and noises

Front 64

Tourette's involves

Back 64

increased activity in the basal ganglia