Chapter 14: Lymphatic & Immune Systems

Front 1

acquired immunity

Back 1

production of antibodies and lymphocytes after exposure to an antigen

Front 2

adenoids

Back 2

mass of lymphatic tissue in the nasopharynx

Front 3

antibody

Back 3

protein produced by B cell lymphocytes to destroy antigens

Front 4

antigen

Back 4

substance that the body recognizes as foreign;

evokes an immune response. most antigens are proteins or protein fragments found on the surface of bacteria, viruses, or organ transplant tissue cells.

Front 5

axillary nodes

Back 5

lymph nodes in the armpit (underarm)

Front 6

B cell
(B lymphocyte)

Back 6

lymphocyte that originates in the bone marrow and transforms into a plasma cell to secrete antibodies. The B refers to the bursa of fabricius, an organ in birds in which B cell differentiation and growth were first noted to occur

Front 7

cervical nodes

Back 7

lymph nodes in the neck region

Front 8

complement system

Back 8

proteins in the blood that help antibodies and T cells kill their target

Front 9

cytokines

Back 9

proteins that aid and regulate the immune response.

Examples are interferons and interleukins

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cytotoxic T cell

Back 10

T lymphocyte that directly kills foreign cells (CD8+ cell or T8 cell)

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dendritic cell

Back 11

specialized macrophage that digests foreign cells and helps B and T cells to mark antigens for destruction

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helper T cell

Back 12

lymphocyte that aids B cells and cytotoxic T cells in recognizing antigens and stimulating antibody production; Also called CD4+ cell or t$ cell

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immunity

Back 13

body's ability to resist foreign organisms and toxins. This includes natural immunity and acquired immunity

Front 14

immunoglobulins

Back 14

antibodies (gamma globulins) such as IgA, IgE, IgG, IgM, and IgD that are secreted by plasma cells in response to the presence of an antigen

Front 15

immunotherapy

Back 15

use of immune cells, antibodies, or vaccines to treat or prevent disease

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inguinal nodes

Back 16

lymph nodes in the groin region

Front 17

interferons

Back 17

proteins (cytokines) secreted by T cells to aid and regulate the immune response

Front 18

interleukins

Back 18

proteins (cytokines) that stimulate the growth of B and T lymphocytes

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interstitial fluid

Back 19

fluid in the spaces between cells.

this fluid becomes lymph when it enters lymph capillaries

Front 20

lymph

Back 20

thin, watery fluid found within lymphatic vessels and collected from tissues throughout the body

Front 21

lymph capillaries

Back 21

tiniest lymphatic vessels

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lymphoid organs

Back 22

lymph nodes, spleen, and thymus gland

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lymph node

Back 23

a collection of stationary solid lymphatic tissue along lymph vessels

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lymph vessel

Back 24

carrier of lymph throughout the body; lymphatic vessels empty lymph into veins in the upper part of the chest

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macrophage

Back 25

large phagocyte found in lymph nodes and other tissues of the body

Front 26

mediastinal nodes

Back 26

lymph nodes in the area between lungs in the thoracic (chest) cavity

Front 27

natural immunity

Back 27

protection that an individual inherits to fight infection

Front 28

plasma cell

Back 28

lymphocyte that produces and secretes antibodies.

it originates from B lymphocytes

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right lymphatic duct

Back 29

large lymphatic vessel in the chest that receives lymph from the upper right part of the body.

Front 30

spleen

Back 30

organ near the stomach that produces, stores, and eliminates blood cells

Front 31

suppressor T cell

Back 31

lymphocyte that inhibits the activity of B and T lymphocytes.

also called a Treg (regulatory T cell)

Front 32

T cell
(T lymphocyte)

Back 32

lymphocyte that originates in the bone marrow but matures in the thymus gland; it acts directly on antigens to destroy them or produce chemicals (cytokines) such as interferons and interleukins that are toxic to antigens

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tolerance

Back 33

the ability of T lymphocytes to recognize and accept the body's own antigens as "self" or friendly.

once tolerance is established, the immune system will not react against the body

Front 34

thoracic duct

Back 34

large lymphatic vessel in the chest that receives lymph from below the diaphragm and from the left side of the body above the diaphragm; it empties the lymph into veins in the upper chest

Front 35

thymus gland

Back 35

organ in the mediastinum that conditions T lymphocytes to react to foreign cells and aids in the immune response

Front 36

tonsils

Back 36

mass of lymphatic tissue in the back of the oropharynx

Front 37

toxin

Back 37

poison; a protein produced by certain bacteria, animals, or plants

Front 38

vaccination

Back 38

exposure of an individual to a foreign protein (antigen) that provokes an immune response. the response will destroy any cell that possesses the antigen on its surface and will protect against infection

Front 39

vaccine

Back 39

weakened or killed microorganisms, toxins, or other proteins given to induce immunity to infection or disease

Front 40

immun/o

Back 40

protection

Front 41

lymph/o

Back 41

lymph

Front 42

lymphaden/o

Back 42

lymph node
(gland)

Front 43

splen/o

Back 43

spleen

Front 44

thym/o

Back 44

thymus gland

Front 45

tox/o

Back 45

poison

Front 46

ana-

Back 46

again, anew

Front 47

inter-

Back 47

between

Front 48

acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
(AIDS)

Back 48

group of clinical signs and symptoms associated with suppression of the immune system and marked by opportunistic infections, secondary neoplasms, and neurologic problems

Front 49

allergy

Back 49

abnormal hypersensitivity acquired by exposure to an antigen

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lymphoma

Back 50

malignant tumor of lymph nodes and lymph tissue

Front 51

hodgkin disease

Back 51

malignant tumor of lymphoid tissue in the spleen and lymph nodes;

Reed-Sternberg cell often is found on microscopic analysis

Front 52

multiple myeloma

Back 52

malignant tumor of bone marrow cells

Front 53

thymoma

Back 53

malignant tumor of the thymus gland

Front 54

allergen

Back 54

substance capable of causing a specific hypersensitivity reaction in the body;

A type of antigen

Front 55

anaphylaxis

Back 55

exaggerated or unusual hypersensitivity to foreign protein or other substance

Front 56

atopy

Back 56

hypersensitive or allergic state involving an inherited predisposition

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CD4+ cells

Back 57

helper T cells that carry the CD4 protein antigen on their surface.

HIV binds to CD4 and infects and kills T cells bering this protein. AIDS patients have an inadequate number of CD4+ cells

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human immunodeficiency virus
(HIV)

Back 58

virus (retrovirus) that causes AIDS

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kaposi sarcoma

Back 59

malignant lesion associated with AIDS;

Arises from the lining of capillaries and appears as red, purple, brown, or black skin nodules

Front 60

non-Hodgkin lymphomas

Back 60

group of malignant tumors involving lymphoid tissue.

examples are follicular lymphoma and large cell lymphoma

Front 61

opportunistic infections

Back 61

infectious diseases associated with AIDS; they occur because HIV infection lowers the body's resistance and allows infection by bacteria and parasites that normally are easily contained

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protease inhibitor

Back 62

drug that treats AIDS by blocking the production of protease, a proteolytic enzyme that helps create new viral pieces for HIV

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reverse transcriptase inhibitor
(RTI)

Back 63

drug that treats AIDS by blocking reverse transcriptase, an enzyme needed to make copies of HIV

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wasting syndrome

Back 64

weight loss, decrease in muscular strength, appetite, and mental activity; associated with AIDS

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CD4+ cell count

Back 65

measures the number of CD4+ T cells (helper T cells) in the bloodstream of patients with AIDS

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ELISA

Back 66

screening test to detect anti-HIV antibodies in the bloodstream

Front 67

immunoelectrophoresis

Back 67

test that separates immunoglobulins
(IgM, IgG, IgE, IgA, IgD)

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viral load test

Back 68

measurement of the amount of AIDS virus (HIV) in the bloodstream

Front 69

computed tomography (CT) scan

Back 69

X-ray imaging produces cross-sectional and other views of anatomic structures