Chapter 14 (Cont.)

Front 1

cells that transmit impulses

Back 1

neurons

Front 2

transmit stimuli to the brain and spinal cord

Back 2

sensory neurons (afferent nerves)

Front 3

transmit impulses from the brain or spinal cord to muscles and glands

Back 3

motor neurons (efferent neurons)

Front 4

cells that support neurons and bind them to other tissues

Back 4

neuroglia

Front 5

what are the 3 structures of a neuron?

Back 5

cell body, axon, dendrites

Front 6

the enlarged structure of the neuron that contains the nucleus of the cell and various organelles

Back 6

cell body

Front 7

carry impulses to the cell body

Back 7

dendrites

Front 8

carry impulses from the cell body

Back 8

axons

Front 9

a white, lipoid covering that acts as an electrical insulator that reduces possibility of an impulse stimulating adjacent nerves; it acclerates impulse transmission through the axon

Back 9

myelin sheath

Front 10

T or F the myelin sheath constitutes the gray matter of the CNS

Back 10

false (white matter)

Front 11

constitutes the gray matter of the CNS

Back 11

unmyelinated fibers

Front 12

T or F the Schwann cell wraps tightly around the axon

Back 12

true

Front 13

thin cellular membrane formed by the Schwann cell

Back 13

neurilemma (neurolemma)

Front 14

the space between adjacent Schwann cells that helps maintain the electrical potentials needed for impulse conduction

Back 14

node of Ranvier

Front 15

T or F neurons are continuous with each other

Back 15

false (not continuous)

Front 16

what are the 4 types of neuroglia?

Back 16

astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microalgia, and ependyma

Front 17

a form of neuroglia that is star-shaped and forms tight sheaths around the capillaries of the brain; form blood-brain barrier

Back 17

astrocytes

Front 18

a form of neuroglia that help in the development of myelin on neurons of the CNS

Back 18

oligodendrocytes

Front 19

the smallest form of neuroglia that posseses phagocytic properties and may become very active during times of infections (eaters)

Back 19

microalgia

Front 20

a form of neuroglia that are ciliated cells that line fluid-filled cavities of the CNS, especially the ventricles of the brain; they assist in CSF fluid circulation

Back 20

ependyma

Front 21

what are the 2 main divisions of the nervous system?

Back 21

central nervous system (CNS) and periheral nervous system (PNS)

Front 22

consists of the brain and spinal cord

Back 22

central nervous system

Front 23

consists of 12 pairs of cranial nerves, which emerge from te base of the skull, and 31 pairs of spinal nerves, which emerge from the spinal cord

Back 23

peripheral nervous system

Front 24

what are the 4 major structures of the brain?

Back 24

cerebrum, cerebellum, diencephalon, and brainstem

Front 25

largest and uppermost portion of the brain and consists of 2 hemishperes divided by a deep longitudinal fissure, or groove

Back 25

cerebrum

Front 26

joins the 2 hemispheres of the cerebrum, permitting communication between the right and left sides of the brain

Back 26

corpus callosum

Front 27

T or F all 5 lobes of each hemisphere in the cerebrum are named for the bones that lie directly above them

Back 27

false (only 4 of the lobes)

Front 28

what are the 4 lobes of each hemisphere in the cerebrum that are named for the bones that lie directly above them; what is the 5th lobe

Back 28

frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital; insula

Front 29

thin, gray layer that covers the entire cerebrum and is composed of millions of cell bodies (which gives it its gray color)

Back 29

cerebral cortex

Front 30

what are the major functions of the cerebrum?

Back 30

sensory perception and interpretation, language, voluntary movement, and the emotional aspects of behavior and memory

Front 31

posterior portion on the brain that involve movement; coordinates and refines muscular movement; aids in maintaining equilibrium and balance

Back 31

cerebellum

Front 32

composed of the thalamus and the hypothalamus

Back 32

diencephalon (interbrain)

Front 33

receives all sensory stimuli except olfactory stimuli and processes and transmits them to the cerebral cortex; receives impulses from the cerebrum and relays them to efferent nerves

Back 33

thalamus

Front 34

integrates autonomic nerve impulses, regulates body temp, and controls endocrine functions

Back 34

hypothalamus

Front 35

composed of midbrain, medulla, and pons; controls respiration, blood pressure, and heart rate

Back 35

brainstem

Front 36

separates the cerebrum from the brainstem

Back 36

midbrain

Front 37

attaches to the spinal cord

Back 37

medulla

Front 38

"bridge" connecting the midbrain to the medulla

Back 38

pons

Front 39

carry impulses upward

Back 39

ascending tracts; sensory nerve tracts

Front 40

carry impulses downward

Back 40

descending tracts; motor nerve tracts

Front 41

the outermost covering of the mininges; tough, fibrous, and composed primarily of connective tissue

Back 41

dura mater

Front 42

lies beneath the dura mater and is filled with serous fluid

Back 42

subdural space

Front 43

the middle covering of the meninges; has a spider-web appearance

Back 43

arachnoid

Front 44

contains CSF that provides addidtional protection for the brain and spinal cord by acting as a shock absorber

Back 44

subarachnoid space

Front 45

T or F all cranial nerves are mixed

Back 45

false (sensory, motor, OR mixed)

Front 46

the innermost covering of the mininges that contains numerous blood vessels nad lymphatics that nourish the underlying tissue

Back 46

pia mater

Front 47

a colorless fluid that contains proteins, glucose, urea, salts, and some white blood cells; it circulates around the spinal cord and brain and through ventricles

Back 47

cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

Front 48

located within the inner portion of the brain, and provides nutritive substances to the CNS

Back 48

ventricles

Front 49

a condition that occurs when there is any interference with absorption results in a collection of fluid in the brain

Back 49

hydrocephalus

Front 50

T or F all spinal nerves are mixed

Back 50

true

Front 51

contains motor fibers

Back 51

anterior roots

Front 52

contains sensory fibers

Back 52

posterior roots

Front 53

innervates glands, smooth muscles, and cardiac muscles; considered involuntary

Back 53

automated nervous system (ANS)

Front 54

primarily innervates skeletal muscles and is associated with voluntary movement

Back 54

somatic nervous system (SNS)

Front 55

produce vasoconstriction, increased heart rate, elevated blood pressure, and slowing of gastrointestinal activity; evident in "fight-or-flight" situations

Back 55

sympathetic nerve fibers

Front 56

generally transmitts impulses that bring about vasodilation, a slower heart rate, a decrease in blood pressure, anda return to a normal gastrointestinal activity

Back 56

parasympathetic nerve fibers

Front 57

what are the 2 subdivisions of the ANS?

Back 57

sympathetic and parasympathetic systems

Front 58

facial paralysis caused by functional disorder of the 7th cranial nerve and any or all of its branches; associated with herpes virus

Back 58

bell palsy

Front 59

symptoms of bell palsy

Back 59

weakness and numbness of the face, distortion of taste perception, facial disfigurement, and facial spasms

Front 60

corneal infection

Back 60

keratitis

Front 61

refers to any functional abnormality of the cerebrum caused by disorders of the blood vessels of the brain; most commonly associated with a stroke

Back 61

cerebrovascular disease (CVD)

Front 62

what are the 3 major types of strokes?

Back 62

ischemic stroke, intracerebral hemmorhage, and subarachnoid hemmorhage

Front 63

most common stroke caused by a narrowing of the arteries of the brain or neck, generally due to arteriosclerosis

Back 63

ischemic stroke

Front 64

type of stroke caused by the sudden rupture of an artery within the brain

Back 64

intracerebral hemmorhage

Front 65

type of stroke where blood is released into the space surrounding the brain; commonly caused by a ruptured aneurysm and is usually fatal

Back 65

subarachnoid hemmorhage

Front 66

lack of muscular coordination

Back 66

ataxia

Front 67

stroke symptoms that resolve whitin 24 hrs; aka mini-stroke

Back 67

transient ischemic attack

Front 68

chronic or recurring seizure disorders

Back 68

epilepsies

Front 69

involve electrical disturbances

Back 69

dysrhythmias

Front 70

what are some causes of epilepsy?

Back 70

brain injury, congenital anomalies, metabolic disorders, brain tumors, vascular disturbances, and genetic disorders

Front 71

there is a short alteration of consciousness of about 10-30 secs, characterized by repetitive, unusual movements and confusion

Back 71

partial seizures

Front 72

temp lapse in consciousness, accompanied by rhythmic movement of the eyes, head, or hands, without convulsions

Back 72

generalized seizures

Front 73

progressive neurological disorder affecting the portion of the brain responsible for controlling movement

Back 73

Parkinson disease

Front 74

decreased speed of movement

Back 74

bradykinesia (hypokinesia)

Front 75

rubbing of the thumbs and index fingers together

Back 75

pill rolling

Front 76

progressive, degenerative disease of the CNS; characterized by inflammation, hardening and, finally, loss of myelin

Back 76

multiple sclerosis (MS)

Front 77

what are some signs and symptoms of MS?

Back 77

tremors, muscle weakness, and bradykinesia

Front 78

progressive neurological disorder that causes memory loss and serious mental deterioration

Back 78

Alzheimer disease

Front 79

small lesions that develop in the cerebral cortex and disrupt the passage of electrochemical signals between cells

Back 79

plaques

Front 80

what are some manifestations of Alzheimer disease?

Back 80

memory loss, cognitive decline, and a decline in social skills and abolity to carry out activities of daily living

Front 81

these tumors can arise from any structure within the cranial cavity, including the pituitary and pineal glands, cranial nerves, and the arachnoid and pia mater

Back 81

intracranial tumors

Front 82

T or F all intracranial tumors originate directly in brain tissue

Back 82

false (most, not all)

Front 83

T or F metastatic tumors of the cranial cavity are usually easier to remove than primary intracranial tumors

Back 83

true