Chapter 14

Front 1

Statistical deviance

Back 1

A criterion of abnormality stating that a behavior is abnormal if it occurs infrequently among the members of the population

Front 2

Cultural deviance

Back 2

A criterion of abnormality stating that a behavior is abnormal if it violates the rules or accepted standards of society

Front 3

Emotional distress

Back 3

A criterion of abnormality stating that abnormal behaviors are those that lead to personal distress or emotional upset

Front 4

Dysfunction

Back 4

A breakdown in normal functioning; abnormal behaviors are those that prevent one from pursuing adaptive strategies

Front 5

Insanity

Back 5

A legal term usually defined as the inability to understand that certain actions are wrong, in a legal or moral sense, at the time of a crime.

Front 6

Medical model

Back 6

The view that abnormal behavior is symptomatic of an underlying "disease", which can be "cured" with the appropriate therapy.

Front 7

Diagnostic labeling effects

Back 7

The fact that labels for psychological problems can become self-fulfilling prophecies; the label may make it difficult to recognize normal behavior when it occurs, and it may actually increase the likelihood that a person will act in an abnormal way.

Front 8

DSM-IV-TR

(The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders)

Back 8

American Psychiatric Association

- provide clinicians with a well-defined classification system, based on objective and measurable criteria, so that reliable diagnoses of psychological disorders can be produced worldwide

Front 9

Anxiety disorders

Back 9

A class of disorders marked by excessive apprehension and worry that in turn impairs normal functioning

Front 10

Generalized anxiety disorder

Back 10

Excessive worrying, or free-floating anxiety, that lasts for a least six months and that cannot be attributed to any single identifiable source

Front 11

panic disorder

Back 11

A condition marked by recurrent discrete episodes or attacks of extremely intense fear or dread

Front 12

agoraphobia

Back 12

An anxiety disorder that causes an individual to restrict his or her normal activities; someone suffering from agoraphobia tend to avoid public places out of fear that a panic attack will occur

Front 13

obsessive-compulsive disorder

Back 13

An anxiety disorder that manifests itself through persistent and uncontrollable thoughts, called obsessions, or by the compelling need to perform repetitive acts, called compulsions

Front 14

Phobic disorder

Back 14

A highly focused fear of a specific object or situation

Front 15

Social anxiety disorder

Back 15

Intense fear of being watched, judged, and embarrassed in social situations

Front 16

Somatoform disorders

Back 16

Psychological disorders that focus on the physical body

Front 17

Hypochondriasis

Back 17

A long-lasting preoccupation with the idea that one has developed a serious disease, based on what turns out to be a misinterpretation of normal body reactions

Front 18

Somatization disorder

Back 18

A long-lasting preoccupation with body symptoms that have no identifiable physical cause

Front 19

Conversion disorder

Back 19

The presence of real physical problems, such as blindness or paralysis, that seem to have no identifiable physical cause

Front 20

Dissociative disorders

Back 20

A class of disorders characterized by the separation, or dissociation, of conscious awareness from previous thoughts or memories

Front 21

Dissociative amnesia

Back 21

A psychological disorder characterized by an inability to remember important personal information

Front 22

Dissociative fugue

Back 22

A loss of personal identity that is often accompanied by a flight from home

Front 23

Dissociative identity disorder

(multiple personality disorder)

Back 23

A condition in which an individual alternates between what appear to be two or more distinct identities or personalities

Front 24

Mood disorders

Back 24

Prolonged and disabling disruptions in emotional state

Front 25

Major depressive epidsode

Back 25

A type of mood disorder characterized by depressed mood and other symptoms

Front 26

Bipolar disorder

Back 26

A type of mood disorder in which the person experiences disordered mood shifts in two directions--from depression to manic state

Front 27

Manic state

Back 27

A disordered state in which the person becomes hyperactive, talkative, and has a decreased need for sleep; a person in a manic state may engage in activities that are self-destructive or dangerous

Front 28

Schizofrenia

Back 28

A class of disorders characterized by fundamental disturbances in thought processes, emotion, or behavior. Three main symptoms: positive, negative, and cognitive

Front 29

Positive symptoms

Back 29

Include observable expressions of abnormal behavior, such as delusions or hallucinations

catatonia = when one adopts a peculiar stance or position and remain immobile for hours

Front 30

Negative symptoms

Back 30

Consist of deficits in behavior, such as an inability to express emotion

flat affect = showing little or no emotional reaction to events

Front 31

Cognitive symptoms

Back 31

Include difficulties in memory and decision making and in the ability to sustain attention

Front 32

Paranoid Schizophrenia

Back 32

delusion = thoughts with inappropriate content

delusion of grandeur = belief that one is more famous or more important than they are

delusion of persecution = belief that people are plotting against you

hallucinations = perceptions that have no basis in external simulation

Front 33

Personality disorders

Back 33

Chronic or enduring patterns of behavior that lead to significant impairments in social functioning

Front 34

Paranoid personality disorder

Back 34

A personality disorder characterized by pervasive distrust of others

Front 35

Dependent personality disorder

Back 35

A personality disorder characterized by an excessive and persistent need to be taken care of by others

Front 36

Antisocial personality disorder

Back 36

A personality disorder characterized by little, if any, respect for social laws, customs, or norms

Front 37

Borderline personality disorder

Back 37

A personality disorder characterized by problems with emotional regulation, social relationships, and sense of self

Front 38

bio-psycho-social perspective

Back 38

The idea that psychological disorders are influenced, or caused, by a combination of biological, psychological (cognitive), and social (environmental) factors

Front 39

Learned helplessness

Back 39

A general sense of helplessness that is acquired when people repeatedly fail in their attempts to control their environment; learned helplessness may play a role in depression