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29 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Allele
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An alternative form of a gene.
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Auxotroph
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An organism with a mutation that causes it to lose the ability to synthesize an essential nutrient; the organism must obtain the nutrient or a precursor from its surroundings
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Competent Cell
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A cell that can take up free DNA and incorporate it into its genome during transformation
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Conjugation
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The form of gene transfer and recombination in bacterial and archaeal cells that requires direct cell-to-cell contact.
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Excision Repair
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A type of DNA repair mechanism in which damaged DNA is excised and replaced, using the complementary strand as a template.
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F factor (F plasmid)
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The fertility factor; a plasmid that carries genes for bacterial conjugation and makes its Esherichia coli host the gene donor during conjugation
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Frameshift Mutation
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Mutations arising from the loss or gain of a base or DNA segment, leading to a change in the codon reading frame.
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Generalized transduction
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the transfer of any part of a cell's genome when the DNA fragment is packaged within a virus's capsid by mistake
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Hfr strain
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An E.coli strain that donates its genes with high frequency to a recipient cell during conjugation because the F factor is integrated into the donor's chromosome.
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Homologous recombination
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Recombination involving two DNA molecules that are similar in nucleotide sequence
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Horizontal (lateral) gene transfer (HGT)
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The process by which genes are transferred from one mature, independent organism to another.
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Insertion sequence
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A simple, mobile genetic element that contains genes only for transposition.
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Mismatch Repair System
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A type of DNA repair in which a portion of a newly synthesized strand of DNA containing mismatched base pairs is removed and replaced, using the parental strand as a template
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Missense Mutation
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A point mutation that changes a condon for one amino acid into a codon for another.
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Mutagen
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A chemical or physical agent that causes mutations
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Mutation
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A heritable change in the genetic material
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Nonsense Mutation
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A mutation that converts a sense codon to a nonsense (stop) codon.
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Point Mutation
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A mutation that changes a single base pair.
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Prototroph
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A microorganism that requires the same nutrients as most of the members of its species.
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Recombination
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The process by which a new recombinant chromosome is formed by combining genetic material from two organisms.
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Site-Specific Recombination
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Recombination of nonhomologous genetic material with a chromosome at a specific site.
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SOS Response
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A complex, inducible process that allows bacterial cells with extensive DNA damage to survive, although often in a mutated form.
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Specialized Transduction
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The process by which only a specific set of bacterial or archaeal genes is carried to a recipient cell by a temperate virus.
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Supressor Mutation
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A mutation that overcomes the effect of another mutation and restores the normal phenotype.
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Transduction
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The transfer of genes between bacterial or archaeal cells by viruses.
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Transformation
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A mode of horizontal gene transfer in bacterial and archaeal cells in which a piece of free DNA is taken up by a cell and stably maintained.
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Transposition
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The movement of a piece of DNA around a cell's genome.
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Transposon
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A mobile genetic element that carries the genes required for transposition, as well as other genes.
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Wild Type
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The genotype that is most commonly found in nature; it can refer to either a specific strain of a microbial species or a particular gene.
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