Chapter 13 The Blood

Front 1

Blood is classified as a?

Back 1

Connective tissue

Front 2

Functions of the blood

Back 2

Protection against disease, regulation, keeping the blood at a PH of 7.4 and transportation of oxygen, nutrients, vitamins, and the transportation of ridding the body of waste, drugs, hormones, pigments, etc.

Front 3

Blood Constituents

Back 3

The blood is divided into 2 main components, the liquid portion is plasma (which is about 55% of blood), and the rest is formed elements (which include cells and cell fragments).

Front 4

Formed elements

Back 4

Erthrocyte, (Red blood cell) carries oxygen bound to hemoglobin, Leukocyte (white blood cell), Protects against pathogens. Platlet (Fragments of large cell Megakaryocyte), hemostasis, forms a platelet plug and starts blood clotting.

Front 5

Blood Plasma consists of?

Back 5

91% water, many different substances, dissolved or suspended in the water make up the other 9%. After water, the next largest percentage (about 8%) of material in the plasma is Protein.

Front 6

Plasma Proteins

Back 6

Albumin - the most abundant, is important for maintaining the osmotic pressure of the blood.
Clotting Fators - Necessary for blood coagulation, are also manufactured in the liver.
Antibodies - Combat infection, they are made by certain white blood cells.
Complement - Consists of a group of enzymes that helps antibodies in their fight against pathogens.
The remaining 1& of plasma consists of nutrients, electrolytes and other material that must be transported.

Front 7

Hematopoietic

Back 7

Blood forming stem cells.

Front 8

Hemoglobin

Back 8

A protein that contains iron. Hemoglobin is attached to RBC's, and attached to the hemoglobin in oxygen, which is then spread about the body.

Front 9

Erythopoietin (EPO)

Back 9

Red cell production is stimulated by this hormone, which is released from the kidney in response to a decrease in its oxygen supply.

Front 10

Erythroblasts (immature red blood cells)

Back 10

produce hemoglobin as they mature into Erythrocytes in the red bone marrow.

Front 11

Leukocytes, (white blood cells) cell types? Granular Leukocytes (Granulocytes)

Back 11

are so named because they show visible granules in the cytoplasm when stained. The different types of granulocytes are named for the types of dyes they take up when stained.
They include the following:
Neutrophils, Eosinophils, and Basophils.

Front 12

Neutrophils (Granulocytes)

Back 12

Are the most numerous of the white cells, consituting 60%.
Their function is to destroy foreign material and pathogens.

Front 13

Phagocytosis

Back 13

The engulfing of foreign matter.

Front 14

Polymorphs (Poly), (segs), PMN, Polymorphonuclear Neutrophils.

Back 14

Many forms, another name for Neutrophils because of the various shapes of the cells.

Front 15

Eosinophils, Eosin is one, (white blood cell)

Back 15

When stained, bright pink granules, these make up a small pertange of white blood cells, but increase during allergic reactions.

Front 16

Basophils, (white blood cell)

Back 16

When stained have a large, dark blue granules that often obscure the nucleus. These also make up a small pertantage of white cells, but increase during alleric reactions.

Front 17

Agranulocytes (white blood cells)

Back 17

Are so named because they lack easily visible granules. Their nuclei are round or curved and are not segmented.
Their are 2 types of these cells:
Lymphocytes, and Monocytes.

Front 18

Lymphocytes, (Agranulocytes)

Back 18

Are the 2nd most numerous of the white cells. They originate in red bone marrow, but they develop to maturity in lymphoid tissue and can multiply in this tissue.
They circulate in the lymphatic system and are active in immunity.

Front 19

Monocytes (Agranulocytes)

Back 19

Are the largest in size, they average about 5% of the leukocytes, monocytes along with Neutrophils engage in phagocytosis (engulfing of foreign matter, and destroy pathogens).

Front 20

Survival time for Lymphocytes

Back 20

Circulating lymphocytes live 6 to 8 hours, those that enter the tissue may survive longer periods, days, months, even years.

Front 21

Macrophages

Back 21

are monocytes that enter the tissues and enlarge, and mature into macrophages, which are highly active in disposing of invaders and foreign material.

Front 22

Autologous

Back 22

Self originating blood, which is stored to be used on oneself after or during surgery.

Front 23

Centrifuge

Back 23

A machine that spins in a circle at high speed to seperate components of a mixture according to density.
A common method of separting the blood plasma from the formed elements.

Front 24

Hemapheresis (apheresis - removal)

Back 24

blood losses to the donor can be minimzed by removal of the blood, separation of the desired components, and return the remainder to the donor.

Front 25

Plasmapheresis

Back 25

If the plasma is removed and the formed elements returned to the donor

Front 26

Plasma Expanders

Back 26

These are cell free isotonic solutions used to maintain blood fluid volume to prevent circulatory shock.

Front 27

Cryoprecipitate

Back 27

When frozed plasm is thawed, a white precipitate called cryoprecipitate forms in the bottom of the container, this is especially rich in clotting factor VIII and fibrinogen.

Front 28

Blood disorders

Back 28

Abnormalities involving the blood may be divided into 3 groups: Anemia, Leukemia, and clotting disorders.

Front 29

Anemia

Back 29

a disorder in which there is an abnormally low level of hemoglobin or red cells in the blood and thus impaired delivery of oxygen to the tissues.

Front 30

Leukemia

Back 30

a neoplastic blood disease characterized by an increase in the number of white cells.

Front 31

Clotting Disorders

Back 31

These disorders are characterized by an abnormal tendency to bleed due to a breakdown in the bodys clotting mechanism.

Front 32

Hemolytic Anemia

Back 32

Anemia caused by the excessive destruction of red cells. The spleen, along with the liver destroy old red cells, occasionally, an overactive spleen destroys too rapidly, causing anemia.

Front 33

Sickle cell Anemia

Back 33

Is an inherited disease, the hemoglobin in many of the red cells is abnormal (HbS). The hemoglobin in normal adult cells is of the A type and is designated HbA.
When these cells give up their oxygen to the tissues, they are transformed from the normal disk shape into a sickle shape.
These sickle cells are fragile and tend to break easily, because of their odd shape they can be tangled in masses that can block smaller blood vessels, when this occurs there may be severe joint swelling and pain, especially in the fingers and toes, as well as abdominal pain.

Front 34

Nutritional Anemia

Back 34

These conditions may arise from the deficiency of the specific nutrient, or from drugs that interfere with the bodys use of the nutrient.

Front 35

Iron deficiency anemia

Back 35

The average diet usually provides enough iron to meet the needs of the adult male, but this diet often is inadequate to meet the needs of growing children and women of childbearing age.

Front 36

Pernicous Anemia

Back 36

is characterized by a deficiency of the vitamin B12, a substance essential for proper red cell formation.
The cause is a permanent deficiency of intrinsic factor, a gastric juice secretion that is responsible for vit. B12 absorption from the intenstine.

Front 37

Neglected Pernicous Anemia

Back 37

can bring about deterioration in the nervous system, causing difficulty in walking, weakness, and stiffness in the extremities, mental changes and permanent damage to the spinal cord.
Early treatment of intramuscular injection of Vit. B12 and attention to diet ensures an excellent outlook. This treatment must be kept up for the rest of the patients life.

Front 38

A mature monocyte?

Back 38

Macrophage

Front 39

A lymphocyte that produces antibodies?

Back 39

Plasma cell

Front 40

A leukocyte that stains with acidic dyes?

Back 40

Eosinophil

Front 41

The largest blood leukoyte?

Back 41

Monocyte

Front 42

A substance that often accumulates when leukocytes are actively destroyed?

Back 42

Pus

Front 43

A plasma protein that is activated to form a blood clot?

Back 43

Fibrinogen

Front 44

An enzyme that triggers the final clotting mechanism?

Back 44

Prothrombinase

Front 45

The process by which cells become clumped when mixed with specific antiserum?

Back 45

Agglutination

Front 46

Contraction of smooth muscles in the blood vessel wall?

Back 46

Vasoconstriction

Front 47

Another term for profuse bleeding?

Back 47

Hemorrahage

Front 48

A protein on blood cells that cause incompatibility reactions?

Back 48

Antigen

Front 49

The blood antigen involved in hemolytic disease of the newborn, which results from a blood incompatibility between mother and fetus?

Back 49

Rh Factor

Front 50

The procedure for removing plasma and returning formed elements to the donor?

Back 50

Plasmapheresis

Front 51

The procedure for removing specific components and returning the remainder of the blood to the donor?

Back 51

Hemapheresis

Front 52

Blood donated by an individual for use by the same individual?

Back 52

Autologous

Front 53

A disease resulting in insufficient red cell prduction in the bone marrow?

Back 53

Aplastic Anemia

Front 54

Plasma can be given to anyone without danger of imcompatibility because it lacks?

Back 54

Red Cells

Front 55

A red blood cell?

Back 55

Erythrocyte

Front 56

The administration of blood or components from one person to another person?

Back 56

Transfusion

Front 57

Another name for thrombocyte?

Back 57

Platelet

Front 58

A disease resulting from a lack of vit. B12?

Back 58

Pernicious Anemia

Front 59

A white blood cell?

Back 59

Leukocyte

Front 60

The volume percentage of red cells in whole blood?

Back 60

Hematocrit

Front 61

The watery fluid that remains after a blood clot is removed?

Back 61

Serum

Front 62

Serum

Back 62

Blood serum is blood plasma without fibrinogen or the other clotting factors.

Front 63

A disease resulting from abnormal proliferation of stem cells?

Back 63

Myelogenous leukemia

Front 64

Platelet, or Thrombocytes?

Back 64

Platelets, or thrombocytes, are the cells circulating in the blood that are involved in the cellular mechanisms of primary hemostasis leading to the formation of blood clots. Dysfunction or low levels of platelets predisposes to bleeding, while high levels, although usually asymptomatic, may increase the risk of thrombosis. An abnormality or disease of the platelets is called a thrombocytopathy.