Chapter 13 Public Health

Front 1

what does disease transmission rate vary with

Back 1

different diseases, populations and time

Front 2

was an endemic

Back 2

occurs at a relatively concentrate was in a population

Front 3

what is sporadically

Back 3

diseases that are uncommon and occur irregularly

Front 4

what is an epidemic

Back 4

increase in the number of cases of the disease within a population above normality

Front 5

what is a pandemic

Back 5

disease spread across multiple continents and throughout the world

Front 6

what are the factors that impact on transmission

Back 6

characteristics of the disease (mechanism of transmission)

environmental factors (e.g. climate)

characteristics of the population infected (levels of immunisation)

Front 7

what determines the extent of the disease spread

Back 7

when the factors interact

Front 8

PATHOGEN FACTORS THAT AFFECT DISEASE TRANSMISSION - what do some transmission methods do to the spread of disease

Back 8

restricts the spread of disease to a particular climate budget graphical area (e.g. malaria)

Front 9

PATHOGEN FACTORS THAT AFFECT DISEASE TRANSMISSION - why would some modes of transmission be more likely to spread in certain groups within one population

Back 9

because behaviours or risk factors within such groups that promote disease spread a more common than in other members of the population for example hepatitis C

Front 10

PATHOGEN FACTORS THAT AFFECT DISEASE TRANSMISSION - what also influences disease transmission

Back 10

pathogen infectivity

Front 11

PATHOGEN FACTORS THAT AFFECT DISEASE TRANSMISSION - what is infectivity

Back 11

the ability of the pathogen to spread from one host to another

Front 12

PATHOGEN FACTORS THAT AFFECT DISEASE TRANSMISSION - what is increased infectivity mean

Back 12

means a pathogen can readily spread throughout the population

Front 13

PATHOGEN FACTORS THAT AFFECT DISEASE TRANSMISSION - and what is natural history of infection

Back 13

different stages of infection and can vary with each pathogen

Front 14

PATHOGEN FACTORS THAT AFFECT DISEASE TRANSMISSION - what also contributes to the spread of disease

Back 14

the persistence of a pathogen within its definite host

Front 15

PATHOGEN FACTORS THAT AFFECT DISEASE TRANSMISSION - what is in a sympathetic carrier

Back 15

and affected by disease that can transmit to others

Front 16

ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS - what can affect disease spread

Back 16

a wide variety of environmental factors including infrastructure and climate

Front 17

PATHOGEN FACTORS THAT AFFECT DISEASE TRANSMISSION - what's special about Dengue fever

Back 17

is more prior to transmission in urban environments as the mosquito is well adapted to bed environments and breeds an artificial water pools

Front 18

what are the 10 stages in outbreaks

Back 18

1. surveillance - monitor levels by a notable diseases ( not everyone seeks care diagnosis) - digital surveillance (Internet) (not accurate)
2. confirmed outbreak - confirmed the numbers and diagnosis of known cases the background levels of disease
3. formulate case - cases that are part of the outbreak include details on types of illness, place and time
4. find cases - find people affected by the outbreak. This is called " active case finding". (Main had a problem as not everyone will seek care)
5. contact tracing - when cases are sound, establish how they were in contact to ID and possibly transmission mode
6. ID case index - " patient X", the case that started the outbreak
7. gather and analyse - interviews with affected individuals and collate interviews
8. develop and test - develop evidence to support hypothesis
9. implement control measures - prevent spread and trade cause
10. communicate findings - local and global

Front 19

predicting the spread of disease - what is used for this

Back 19

mathematical modes are used to predict the spread of disease and important tools in outbreak

Front 20

predicting the spread of disease - who work works closely together and to do what

Back 20

mathematicians and biologists work closely together to produce a programme which is based upon assumptions

Front 21

predicting the spread of disease - what has enabled the development of complex models and what are these do

Back 21

developments in ICT has enabled the development of complex models which investigate disease and it spread

Front 22

PATHOGEN FACTORS THAT AFFECT DISEASE TRANSMISSION - What can changes in global temperatures do to levels of disease

Back 22

higher levels of disease

for example increase in temperature and rainfall can equals the spread of disease spreading factors

Front 23

where vectors found

Back 23

hot and humid conditions - tropics

Front 24

draw the life-cycle of vectors

Back 24

Front 25

what is the attraction for pregnant mosquitoes

Back 25

CO2, smell and movement

Front 26

were the breeding conditions four vectors

Back 26

stagnant water

natural - ponds, marshes, wetlands and swamps

urban - Pool, wading Pool, buckets and drains

Front 27

HOW HOSTS CAN AFFECT DISEASE TRANSMISSION - what can risk of exposure to disease be due to

Back 27

behaviours as in the example of blood-borne viruses that may also vary with age 6 or associated economic status

Front 28

HOW HOSTS CAN AFFECT DISEASE TRANSMISSION - example of people with higher susceptibility to to contracting infections

Back 28

the elderly or chronically ill

Front 29

HOW HOSTS CAN AFFECT DISEASE TRANSMISSION - what else can impact on disease spread

Back 29

the proportion of the population as some of the population convenient to the disease, disease spreads rapidly due to large susceptibility of individuals

Front 30

HOW HOSTS CAN AFFECT DISEASE TRANSMISSION - what does as a large population density do

Back 30

population density large number of people living in close proximity to one another needs more opportunities for disease to spread this

Front 31

MOVEMENT OF INDIVIDUALS CAN FACILITATE DISEASE TRANSMISSION - humans have a substantial impact on the transmission of disease and what are the two categories

Back 31

intentional - quarantine and vaccination

unintentional - agriculture, organisational transportation

Front 32

MOVEMENT OF INDIVIDUALS CAN FACILITATE DISEASE TRANSMISSION - what can facilitate the spread of disease and what does this allow

Back 32

the movement of individuals and population, this allows diseases to spread faster and over larger geographical areas

Front 33

MOVEMENT OF INDIVIDUALS CAN FACILITATE DISEASE TRANSMISSION - what is the morbility

Back 33

to leave act of the disease within a population, measured by the number of people affected by that disease

Front 34

MOVEMENT OF INDIVIDUALS CAN FACILITATE DISEASE TRANSMISSION - what has travelled done

Back 34

has been made easier and more affordable, which facilitates the spread of disease

increasing mobility equals emerging infectious diseases now have potential to spread worldwide at alarming rates for example the 2003 stars outbreak

Front 35

MOVEMENT OF INDIVIDUALS CAN FACILITATE DISEASE TRANSMISSION - what other diseases can be spread geographically and example

Back 35

plant and animal diseases for example 2010 myrtle rust in Australia

Front 36

PREVENTING THE SPREAD OF DISEASE - what is one strategy

Back 36

hand hygiene - example of this when it wasn't used

hospitals during the mid-19th century West surgeons did not wash their hands, therefore increased death rates related to post operative infection

Front 37

PREVENTING THE SPREAD OF DISEASE - what can hand washing do

Back 37

can significantly reduce the morality from certain infections for example diarrhoeal infections

Front 38

PREVENTING THE SPREAD OF DISEASE - what is a nosocomial infection

Back 38

infections spread by health care workers

Front 39

PREVENTING THE SPREAD OF DISEASE - would is another strategy used

Back 39

immunisation - highly effective in substantially reducing worldwide morbidity and mortality for example in Australia children are vaccinated against hepatitis B, hurt choices, measles, tetanus and polio

Front 40

PREVENTING THE SPREAD OF DISEASE - what do you knows action programs has the potential to do

Back 40

K disease by making a spread impossible for example smallpox was the first disease vaccine was created for and also the first to be eradicated through vaccine in 1998

Front 41

PREVENTING THE SPREAD OF DISEASE - had as immunisation work

Back 41

if a large enough proportion of the population is mean to a disease there are too few susceptible individuals to sustain disease spread

Front 42

PREVENTING THE SPREAD OF DISEASE - what is heard immunity

Back 42

once a particular proportion of the population is immune to disease, susceptible individuals are also better protected from the disease

Front 43

PREVENTING THE SPREAD OF DISEASE - hered immunity - what does it depend on

Back 43

the virulence and infectivity of a particular disease

Front 44

PREVENTING THE SPREAD OF DISEASE - immunity - groups of people object immunisation of children why and what does this cause

Back 44

reasons vary but concern has been raised by these groups about the safety vaccine for example in 1998 the small of substantial report released suggesting the MMR vaccine could cause autism

in some cases levels of immunity within a population dropped so low that heard community is no longer sustained

for example in 2013 measles outbreak in the UK were linked to low vaccination rates following the MMR scare

Front 45

PREVENTING THE SPREAD OF DISEASE - what does quarantine do

Back 45

it stops individuals who have been exposed to infectious diseases from carrying that diseases into healthy populations

Front 46

PREVENTING THE SPREAD OF DISEASE - what is quarantine used for

Back 46

used to counter the threat of spreading disease

Front 47

PREVENTING THE SPREAD OF DISEASE - how does a quarantine work

Back 47

infected individuals are kept from entering a healthy population and the incubation period of the disease has passed

Front 48

PREVENTING THE SPREAD OF DISEASE - what is quarantine also used for

Back 48

use to prevent the spread of animal pathogens for example when people import cats and dogs into Australia from overseas player held in quarantine for at least 30 days

Front 49

PREVENTING THE SPREAD OF DISEASE - at how our quarantine measures to protect human health used

Back 49

captains of planes or ships are required to report passengers displaying symptoms of certain infections

Front 50

PREVENTING THE SPREAD OF DISEASE - what does Australia have

Back 50

strict quarantine laws to prevent biodiversity loss