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58 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Emotion |
A. subjective conscious experience (cognitive) B. bodily arousal (physiological) C. Characteristic Overt expressions (Behavioural)- action tendencies -- increased probabilities of certain behaviours |
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Primary Emotions |
- Thought to be the irreducible set of emotions, combinations of which result in the huge variety of experienced emotions |
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Ekman 1992 |
- Requries primary emotion have distinct facial expression that is recognized across culture eg. sadness accompanied by frowning and knitting the brow - Ekman's primary emotions contain: disgust, sadness, joy, surprise, anger and fear |
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Primary emotions according to.. 1. Plutchik 2. Izard 3. Tomkins |
1. Fear, anger, joy, disgust, anticipation, surprise, sadness, acceptance 2. fear, anger, joy, disgust, interest, surprise, contempt, shame, sadness, guilty 3. fear, anger, enjoyment, disgust, interest, surprise, contempt, shame, distress |
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behavioural component |
- body language, non verbal behaviour |
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Darwin " The Expression of Emotions in Man and Animals" |
Functional Analysis- of emotions and emotional expressions - why of the emotions and expressions in particular of whether they increase the fitness of individuals - emotional expressions communicate information from one animal to another about what is likely to happen |
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Emotional states |
- Transitory- they have a specific cause, and a cause that typically originates outside of the person - states that come and go - depend more on situation the person is in rather than the specific person |
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Emotional Traits |
- pattern of emotional reactions that a person consistently experiences across a variety of life situations - stable over time and characteristic for each person - what emotions ppl frequently Experience or Express - eg. Mary is cheerful and enthusiastic |
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Categorical Approach |
-- Focus on identifying a small number of primary and distinct emotions - lack of consensus regarding which emotions are primary though - 5 personality traits that underlie the huge list of trait adjectives - reduce complexity of emotions by searching for the primary ones - relies more on conceptual distinctions among emotions: facial expressions |
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Dimensional Approach
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- subjects rate themselves on a wide variety of emotions, then apply statistical techniques to identify the basic dimensions underlying the ratings - we experience various degrees of pleasantness and arousal and every emotion we are capable of experiencing can be described as a combination of pleasantness and arousal |
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Dimensional approach to emotion |
Two primary dimensions: high to low activation and pleasantness to unpleasantness - Every feeling can be described as a combo of pleasant/unpleasant and arousal -FUNDAMENTAL DIMENSIONS of Emotion: pleasant and arousal |
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Pleasant Emotions: Happiness and Life Satisfaction |
- researchers have defined happiness in two complimentary ways (good balance between positive and negative) 1. judgement that life is satisfying 2. Predominance of positive relative to negative emotions |
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Does Money Make people happy |
- within affluent societies, economic growth is not accompanied by the rise in life satisfaction among the population - as long as you have basic needs met, there is not an additional increase in happiness as $$ increases -no real relationships between GDP and happiness |
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Content of Emotional Life |
- specific kind of emotion that a person experiences - The typical emotions that a person is likely to experience over time -THE KINDS of emotions ppl experience over time and across situations -EG. someone is cheerful says something about the content of their emotional life because it refers to the specific kind of emotion they frequently experience |
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Style of Emotion |
- the way in which an emotion is experienced - eg. someone is high on mood variability is to say something about the style of emotional life that their emotions change frequently |
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Pleasant emotions |
-in primary emotions- happiness and joy are typically the only pleasant emotions |
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Happiness |
-Aristotle- happiness is supreme goal and life goal is to attain happiness -can define happiness by the way researchers measure it- subjective quality and depends on an individuals own judgement of his life -college students indicate happy 65%, unhappy 20% and neutral 15% |
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Happiness has 2 overall components 1. Life Satisfaction 2. Hedonic |
1. Life Satisfaction Component- cognitive and consists of judgements that life has purpose and meaning 2. Hedonic component- affective and consists of the ration of a person's positive emotions to their negative emotions in a person's life over time |
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Self reports on happiness |
- both components mostly correlated- most ppl who have a life of meaning and purpose also have more positive than negative emotions - positive view of self is part of being a happy person |
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Positive Illusions |
part of being happy is to have positive illusions about the self- an inflated view of one's own characteristics as good, able and desirable person
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Reciprocal Causality |
- correlation between happiness and success can flow in both directions- happiness can cause success and success can cause happiness - Happy people are more likely to help others in need and helping someone in need can lead to happiness |
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Happy People |
- Gender equality in overall happiness - In US, women diagnosed with depression 2x more than men, but men 2x more likely to be alcoholics -gender accounts for 1% of the variation in people's happiness poor countries- financial status moderately good predictor of wellbeing but when basic needs are met, it matters VERY little. |
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Personality and Well Being Costa and McCrae |
-TWO personality traits that influence happiness: EXTRAVERSION & NEUROTICISM - happiness is the presence of high levels of positive affect and low levels of negative affect - extraversion influences a persons' positive emotions, neuroticism determines a persons negative emotions |
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Costa and McCrae's 2 Models of Well Being 1. 2. |
1. Direct effect of personality: even when exposed to identical situations certain ppl respond with more positive or negative emotions depending on their level of E and P 2. INDIRECT: personality causes the person to create a certain lifestyle and the lifestyle in turn cases emotional reaction |
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Larson et al Mood incduction- whether personalty traits of E and N have direct effect on emotional responding |
-participants shown pleasant or unpleasant scenes, examined if their scores on extraversion and neuroticism questionnaires predicted responses to the mood inductions |
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Results |
- best predictor of responses to negative mood was neuroticism - easy to put extravert in good mood and easy to put neurotic person in bad mood - personality acts like an amplifier of life events: extravert show amplified pos emotions, neurotics show amplified emotions to bad events |
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Eysenck's Biological Theory |
- Argues that neuroticism has biological basis - N is due primarily to a tendency of the limbic system in the brain to become easily activated - someone with a limbic system that is easily activated- probably has frequent episodes of emotion |
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Anterior Cingulate Cortex |
- emotion is associated with an increased activation of the ACC - neuroticism is correlated with the volume of brain regions associated with the evaluation of threat and punishment and production of negative emotions |
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Pre Frontal Cortex |
- biological basis of self regulation of negative emotions - subjects watch sad film and try to prevent sad emotions from showing- successful subjects showed increased activity in the right central medial prefrontal cortex- the executive control centre of the brain - this area as highly active in control of emotion |
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Cognitive Theories |
- Neuroticism caused by certain styles of information processing (thinking, attending, remember) - High N participants more likely to recall unpleasant information than Low n, but no relation between recall of pleasant information - High N subjects also recalled unpleasant words faster than pleasant words -High n subjects recall more self negative words than low n scorers |
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Spreading Activation Concept |
-material is stored in memory being linked with other similar pieces of material - high N have richer networks of association surrounding memories of negative emotions- meaning unpleasant material is more accessible leading them to have higher recall for negative info -High N subjects have richer network of association surrounding instances of illness and bodily complaints |
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Larson 1992 |
- Sources of bias in neurotics reports of physical illness - high N participants reported more daily symptoms AND they recalled more symptoms than did stable low N - neuroticism related to elevated levels of recalled symptoms - Costa and McCrae- neuroticism influences perceptions of health but not health itself |
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Immune System and N |
- neuroticism does appear to be related to diminished immune function during stress - ppl high N may be more susceptible to immune mediated diseases |
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Lung Cancer and N |
-age of onset negatively related to n - High N contracted lung cancer an average 4.33 years earlier than low N is related to the speed of cancer progression and chronic stress lead to depletion of immune system |
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Attention to Threats |
- High N subjects pay more attention to threats an unpleasant information in their enviro - High N thought to have stronger behavioural inhibition system compared to low N- making them vulnerable to cues of punishment and frustration - High N on the lookout for threatening info in their environment |
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Stroop Effect |
- increased time it takes to name the colour in which a word is written when that word names a diff colour - Anxiety or threat related words- fear, disease, death, failure -High N persons have attentional bias that certain stimuli (threat words) are more salient or attention grabbing - High N groups slower to name the colours of anxiety words compared with colour name of neutral words.- emotion words capture the attention of high N participants but not Low n participants |
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Depression and Melancholia Depression |
- 20% of ppl in the US at some point in their lives experience depression - feelings of worthlessness or guilty nearly everyday - diminished ability to concentrate or make decision nearly everday |
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Diathesis Stress model |
- There is a pre-existing vulnerability or diathesis that is present among people who later become depressed in life - in addition to this vulnerability a stressful event must occur to trigger the depression - neither element alone the diathesis or stressor are sufficient - they BOTH must be present for depression to occur |
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Cognitive Therapy |
- procedures aimed at reducing cognitive distortions and reducing distress - negative loop of negative thoughts- trying to break the cycle -cognitive triad- negative patterns of thinking about self, world and future |
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Cognitive Restructuring |
- The process of taking a different and more positive view on one's experience - then you can have at least positive or neutral view on things- break the habits " guided empiricism" |
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Cognitive Schema |
- way of processing incoming information in a negative way -involed in depression by distorting incoming information in a negative way |
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4. BECKS Distortions |
1. Overgeneralizing- taking one instance and generalizing it to many or all other instances. Blowing things out of proportion 2. Arbitrary Inferences- jumping to a negative conclusion when evidence does not support it 3. Personalizing- assuming everything is your fault 4. Catastrophizing- thinking that the worst will happen. |
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Irrational Thoughts (Albert Ellis' Cognitive Distortions) |
1. Catasrophizing 2. Generalization 3. Awfulizing- if my date stands me up that would be AWFUL, which means there's something wrong with me 4. Musterbation- i MUST keep my house completely spotless otherwise I'm a horrible slob 5. Daming: extreme self blame or blaming others. My boss is a rotten bastard 6. Arbitrary Inference |
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Albert Ellis- Rational Emotive Therapy |
ABC A. Activating Event B. Beliefs C. Consequences D. Disputing - irrational beliefs lead you to negative emotions. Not A that causes C, it's B that causes C |
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Beck Technique to defeat negative thinking |
1. Decatastrophizing: "what if" think of the worst case scenario 2. Reattribution- test out the automatic thoughts against reality 3. Redefine the problem 4. Decentering- for clients that focus on their own problems to the extreme. |
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Beck's Cognitive Therapy |
- point our errors of thinking and logic that underlie disturbance - underlying philosophy same as Ellis' it's the way you interpret the world that is critical and what you need the person to change |
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Self Fulfilling Prophecy |
the tendency for a belief to become a reality - person who thinks they are a total failure will often act like it and give up trying to do better |
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Biology of Depression |
- depression thought there is an imbalance of NT in the brain - the NT Theory of Depression- emotional problem may be the result of NT imbalance at the synapse of the nervous system - norepinehprine, serotonin, dopamine |
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Anger Proneness and Potential for Hostility |
- most people are willing to strike out against someone who has treated them unfairly - some ppl are characteristically more hostile than others in repose to the same kinds of situations |
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Hostility |
- The tendency to respond to everyday frustrations with anger and aggression, become irritable easily , feel frequent resentment and actin rude, critically, uncooperative mannter |
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Anger |
- emotion that causes some ppl to lose control - Raine, Meloy, Bihrle- violent murderers showed decreased activity in the prefrontal areas of their brains - Pincus 2001- virtually all cases, murderers suffered from some damage to their brains either through violence, accidental injury or excessive drugs |
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Affect Intensity |
- Description of a persons who are either high or low on this dimension |
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High affect intensity |
- people who typically experience their emotions strongly and are emotionally reactive and variable - go WAY up when happy and way down when feelings sad |
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Low Affect Intensity |
-experience emotions only mildly and with only gradual fluctuations and minor reactions - stable and calm and usually do not suffer through troughs of negative emotions |
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AI |
- are what people are usually or typically like how they characteristically react to the normal sorts of everyday emotion provoking - High AI exhibit a good deal of variability in daily moods fluctuating back and forth between positive and negative affect from day to day |
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Mood Variability |
- HIGH AI exhibit more mood variability, more frequent fluctuations in their emotional lives over time |
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Larson, Diener, Emmons 1986 |
- 62 subjects record best and worst events for the 56 days - team of raters rated how good or bad these events would be for college students |
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RESULTS: |
- subjects high on affect rated very good by person with HIGH A, and same for moderately bad were rated very bad - HiGH A individuals more emotionally reactive to emotion provoking events in their lives both good and bad - |
