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61 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Motives |
- internal states that arouse and direct behaviour toward specific objects or goals - often caused by a deficit or lack of something - based on NEEDS- motives propel ppl to perceive, think and act in a specific way to satisfy the need |
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Henry Murray |
- unconscious motivation is critical - pioneers of unconscious motivation -TAT tapping into the unconscious |
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Personology |
- the study of normal people - Freud only studied the sick, MURRAY studied personality of normal healthy people- health oriented extension in complement to the illness oriented Freudian system |
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MOTIVES again.. |
- belong to the intrapsychic domain - can be unconscious in a sense that people do not know explicitly what they want- people may not be fully aware of what compels them to act in certain ways |
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Need Primary vs . secondary |
- potentiality or readiness to respond in a certain way under certain given circumstances -internal thing that directs you towards something else, how you behave in a particular situation - Some needs are biologically/primary (VISEROGENIC- food, sex) - Some are secondary- PSYCHOGENIC- psychological, social |
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Motive psychologists share core ideas with dispositional psychologists |
1. People differ from one another in type and strength of their motives 2. the differences are measurable 3. differences cause or are associated with important life outcomes 4. Differences among ppl in relative amounts of various motives are stable MOTIVE psychologists are halfway between intrapsychic domain and dispositional domain |
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PRESS |
- need relevant aspects of the environment - external component to motivation- they will either help you and facilitate you or obstruct you goal - needs operate through motives and then the resulting behaviour |
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Alpha and Beta Press |
Alpha- objective reality, the real environment.EG two people walking down the road they both smile Beta- perceived reality can be realistic or distorted perceptions. EG. people perceive the smile as happy or smirk. OBJECTIVELY, both the same smile, subjectively both perceived it differently |
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Murray's Needs 1 2 |
1. needs organize perception, guiding us to see what we want or need to see. EG. someone who has high need for power sees social situations as opportunity to boss others 2. Needs organize actions by compelling person to do what is necessary to fulfill the need- e.g.. person who has need to achieve will make sacrifices and work hard at the task they want to excel in |
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3 Components associated with Each need |
1. specific desire or intention 2. particular set of emotions 3. specific action tendencies |
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1. Need for Achievement |
- the need to overcome obstacles and attaint a standard of excellence- can be achievement for anything - HIGH ACH- prefer tasks that are moderately challenging, which they are personally responsible for the outcome, which feedback on their performance is available |
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Affiliation and Achievement |
- people work in groups over few weeks looked at their need for affiliation and achievement - BEST LEADER was person with HIGH AFFILIATION AND HIGH ACHIEVEMENT- the ideal combo - second combo is high affiliation, low achievement -bonding with the groups is critical |
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Developmental Theory of Achievement motivation (Carol Dweck) |
-abilities are not fixed but are malleable and can be developed through effort
- theory emphasizes the beliefs that ppl develop about their abilities and competencies |
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2. Need for Affiliation |
- the need to form and maintain relationships, to be with people |
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Winter- Analysis of Presidential Inaugural speeches |
- their success is a balance between affiliation, achievement and power - HIGH POWER- more likely to be involved in assassination attempts and more likely to lead country to war - HIGH AFFIL- leads to arms limitation and control. but more scandals if power> than affiliation- country went to war, if opposite country is at peace |
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3. Need for Power |
- desire to have an impact on others - assumed to energize direct behaviour when the person is in opportune situations for exerting power - correlates positively with having arguments with others, being elected into student office, taking larger risks, behaving assertively -NO sex differences- men perform more agg and impulsive behaviour |
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Inhibited Power motive- Engineer Study |
-HIGH POW, LOW affil, HIGH self control- the one's who made it up in the company and moved up - not technical managers but rather engineers |
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4. Need for Intimacy ** ONLY need that has sex difference- WOMEN HAVE HIGHER NEED FOR intimacy than men |
- the recurrent preference or readiness for warm, close and communicative interaction with others - want more intimacy and meaningful human contact in day to day lives - spend more time thinking about relationships, more pleasant emotions when they are around other ppl - not the same as extravert- intimacy have few good friends, prefer sincere meaningful ocnversations |
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Diagnosticity |
-the extent to which a task indicates something about ability - The extent to which a task difficulty shows need for achievement EG. difficulty of items on an exam, can have easy, medium and hard ones- often the medium difficulty discriminates between the easy ppl - need for ACH want the items that show how good they are |
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Apperception |
- The act of interpreting the environment and perceiving the meaning of what is going on in a situation - projection of a motive onto an external stimulus - project whatever your hidden pattern of motivation is, onto an ambiguous stimulus |
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TAT- Thematic Apperception Test- Morgan and Murray |
- black and white ambiguous images, that person is supposed to make up a story about what is happening in the pictures - encouraged to tell story with beginning middle and end - psychologist codes the stories for the presence of various types of imagery associated with particular motives |
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TAT- vs. RORSCH |
R- rejected by scientific community, oversold by extravagant claims, primary use to diagnose in clinical TAT- accepted by community, based on Murray's needs, not diagnostic just pointing out things and getting information/ themes that may be useful in therapy |
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TAT lillenfeld, word and grob |
97% of users employ subjective and personalized procedures for interpreting the TAT- only a tiny fraction rely on a standardized scoring system |
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TAT to assess 1. State levels of a need |
1. State levels of a need- a person's momentary amount of a specific need, which can fluctuate with specific circumstances - EG. person who is failing at a task might experience a sharp increase in motivation - can be useful in determining what aspects of a situation bring about changes in specific needs |
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TAT to assess 2. Trait levels of a need |
- measuring a persons average tendency or their set point on the specific trait - idea that ppl differ from each other in their typical or average tendencies toward particular needs - most useful in determining differences among individuals in their average tendencies toward particular needs |
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Multi Motive Grid |
-combines the features of TAT with self report questionnaires -pictures selected to arouse one of big 3 motives -pics presented with questions about the important motivational states - idea that the photo will arouse the motive which will then influence how the person will answer the questions |
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Implicit Motivation |
based on needs such as achievement, power, intimacy and are measured in fantasy based measures -- TAT
- implicit because the person telling the story is not explicitly telling psychologist about self - Unconscious desires and aspirations, unspoken needs and desires |
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Self Attributed Motivation |
reflects primarily a person's self awareness of own conscious motives or normative beliefs about desirable goals and modes of conduct
- better predictors of responses to immediate and specific situations and to choice behaviours and attitudes |
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Humanistic Psychology |
- branch of psychology emphasizing universal capacity for human growth - reaction against behaviourism and psychoanalysis -called 3rd FORCE - pre cursor to modern positive psychology- existentialism |
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Humanistic Tradition |
- emphasis on conscious awareness of needs, choice and personal responsibility |
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1 2 3 |
1. emphasize role of choice in human life and responsibility on creating meaningful/satisfying life 2. emphasis on human need for growth and realization of one's full potential 3. HT views much of motivation as being based in a need to grow to become who one is meant to be |
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Reductive Analytical Approach |
- want to move away from reductionism, analytical approach - reduces the human to a collection of habits and conflicts |
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Holistic Analytic approach |
- the person is a thinking- feeling totality - Gestalt: the whole is greater than the sum of its parts - humanists said you need to take this approach while learning about people- more valuable way to consider the whole person |
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Principles of Humanism |
1. The primary study of psyschology should be the experiencing person( not rats) 2. choice, creativity and self realization rather than mechanistic reductionism 3. only personality and socially significant problems should be studied 4. the major concern of psych should be the dignity and enhancement of ppl- not prediction and control |
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MASLOW Hierarchy of needs |
1. physiological- hunger, thirst, needs that are of prime importance to immediate survival of the individual 2. Safety- stable, predictive environment. Life being orderly. 3. Belongingness- belong to groups, accepted by others and welcomed . Love 4. Esteem- esteem from others and esteem from SELF- want to be seen as competent, strong and able to achieve, want to feel worthwhile, valuable. 5 .SA |
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5. Self Actualization |
- The need to develop one's potential, to become the person one was meant to be - discovering and fulfilling one's own particular innate potentials and capacities |
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4 factors of SA |
1. Autonomy 2. self acceptance 3. acceptance of emotions 4. trust and responsibility in interpersonal relationships |
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Obstacles to SA |
1. weakest of all needs, but is easily impeded 2. Jonah Complex- afraid and doubt own potentials and abilities, too often fear takes precedence of your courage 3. cultural norms can stifle expression of potentials 4. childhood experiences can inhibit growth- too much control or permissiveness- freedom within limits |
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Motives D needs B needs |
D- deficiency based B- growth based |
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Characteristics of Self actualizing people |
1. efficient perception of reality 2. acceptance of self, others, nature or fate 3. spontaneity 4. problem focus 5. affinity for solitude 6. independence from culture and enviro 7. continued freshness of appreciation 8. more frequent peak experiences 9. Desire to help human race |
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Peak experiences |
Ineffability: can't put into words Noetic Quality: the truth finding quality of peak experience Transiency: short lived, transient experience passivity: held by a superior power - acute identity experiences, sees ones potential more clearly, lose track of time and place, out of body experience - creates a personality change |
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FLOW- Mihaly |
- subjective state that people report when they are completely involved in something to the point of forgetting time, fatigue and everything else but the activity itself - to be so absorbed in a activity that we lose all consciousness of self and time - person functioning at their fullest capacity -occur when there's balance between persons skill and the challenge of the situation |
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Flow you need.. |
- clear goals - immediate feedback - balance between challenge and skills -enables the focus - to lose yourself in the activity - yet have control |
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Carl Rogers |
- focused now ays to foster and attain self actualization - people are basically good natured and human nature is fundamentally benevolent and positive |
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Carl Rogers Self Actualization |
- tendency to grow in ways that maintain or enhance the organism -relationships with others can interfere with this tendency - forward moving approach |
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Organismic Valuing Process |
- the internal signal that tells whether self actualization is occurring - the different body moments that happen- person will well up with tears, shift, sigh, any body language - the therapist needs to be really aware with what's happening with patents body |
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Incongruence |
- all of us have a real self and an idealized notion of the self, when there's big disciplines, it's not really attainable to be the ideal - can't live up to the phony one, just have to be real self - in THERAPY, acquaint person with the difference between real and ideal move the two closer together |
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Congruence Actual SELF |
an integration within the self and the coherence between the self and one's experiences
AS- one's self as one presently views it |
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Unconditional Positive Regard |
- acceptance and affection- no strings attached, accept person as a human being as who they are with no strings attached |
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Positive Regard with Conditions of Worth |
acceptance and affection- non possessive love Conditions of Worth- contingencies placed on positive regard. Therapy is about removing these conditions of worth |
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Conditions of worth |
-requirements set forth by parents or significant others for earning their positive regard - children may become preoccupied with living up to these conditions of worth rather than discovering what makes them happy - affection only given under certain conditions |
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Conditional Self Regard Conditional positive regard |
CSR- self acceptance that's given only under certain conditions CPR: affection that's given only under certain conditions |
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people not moving forward in terms of SA experience ANXIETY |
- result of having an experience that does not fit with one's self concept - discrepancy between their self concept and their experiences - |
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Distortion |
- less functional response to anxiety is to alter the experience rather than change your self concept - Defense mechanism to modify their experience, rather than their self image to reduce the threat--" the prof was unfair, the test was stupid" |
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Client Centered Therapy |
therapy that removes conditions of worth and has clients examine their feelings - move them more to experiential freedom - increase person's self awareness - designed to get a person back on path toward SA - client never given interpretation of their problems nor any direction - therapist merely tries to create the right conditions in which the client can change selves |
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3 core conditions |
1. Genuine acceptance- make sure you are aware of your own feelings as a therapist 2. UPR- total acceptance of client with no strings attached 3. Empathy- understand what is going on from client's perspective. paraphrase back the person's feelings. |
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4 characteristics of Successful Therapists |
1. congruence- able to relate to others honestly and openly 2. emphathy- put self in clients shoes 3. learn from client- good listeners 4. unconditional positive regard |
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Reflective Response |
- thought was least used, but most effective - captures underlying feelings - my child is smoking weed and i'm worried " you're obviously very concerned about this" best response therapist could give |
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Fully Functioning Person (Core of Rogers Approach) |
- person who is open to the experience of life and who's self actualizing - may not be actually self actualized yet but he is not blocked or side tracked in moving toward this goal |
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Characteristics of FFP |
1. openness to experience 2. existential living- centred in present do not dwell on past regrets. 3. organismic trust 4. experiential freedom 5. creativity |
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Emotional Intelligence |
1. ability to know one's own emotions 2. ability to regulate those emotions 3. ability to motivate oneself 4. ability to know how others are feeling 5. ability to influence how others are feeling EI may be more important for self actualizing than IQ of cognitive intelligence |
