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40 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Social Psychology |
the discipline that studies how we think about, influence, and relate to other people. |
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Social cognition |
The study of how people use cognitive processes--such as perception, memory, thought, and emotion--to help make sense of other people as well as themselves. |
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Social schema |
A general knowledge structure, stored in long-term memory, that relates to social experiences or people. |
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Stereotypes |
The collection of beliefs and impressions held about a group and its members; common stereotypes include those based on gender, race, and age. |
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Prototype theories |
We store abstract representations of the typical features of a group; we then judge particular individuals based on their similarity to the prototype |
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Exemplar theories |
We store memories of particular individuals, or exemplars, and these individual memories form the basis for stereotypes |
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Self-fulfilling prophecy effect |
A condition in which our expectations about the actions of another person actually lead that person to behave in the expected way |
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Prejudice |
Positive or negative evaluations of a group and its members |
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Discrimination |
Behaviors that are directed against members of a group |
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Attributions |
The inference processes people use to assign cause and effect to behavior (consistency, distinctiveness, consensus) |
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external attribution |
Attributing the cause of a person's behavior to an external event or situation in the environment |
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internal attribution |
Attributing the cause of a person's behavior to an internal personality trait or disposition |
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fundamental attribution error |
When people seek to interpret someone else's behavior, they tend to overestimate the influence of internal personal factors and underestimate the role of situational factors |
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actor-observer effect |
The overall tendency to attribute our own behavior to external sources by to attribute the behavior of others to internal sources |
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self-serving bias |
The tendency to make internal attributions about one's own behavior when the outcome is positive and to blame the situation when one's behavior leads to something negative |
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attitude |
A positive or negative evaluation or belief held about something, which in turn may affect one's behavior; attitudes are typically broken down into cognitive, affective, and behavioral components. |
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Cognitive component |
represents what people know or believe about the object of their attitude |
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Affective component |
made up of the feelings that the object produces |
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behavioral component |
is a predisposition to act toward the object in a particular way |
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Elaboration likelihood model |
A model proposing two primary routes to persuasion and attitude change: a central route, which operates when we are motivated and focusing our attention on the message and a peripheral route, which operates when we are either unmotivated to process the message or are unable to do so |
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Source characteristics |
Features of the person who is presenting a persuasive message, such as his or her attractiveness, amount of power, or fame. |
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Cognitive dissonance |
The tension produced when people act in a way that is inconsistent with their attitudes |
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self-perception theory (Daryl Bem) |
The idea that people use observations of their own behavior as a basis for inferring their internal beliefs. |
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foot-in-the-door technique (Freedman Fraser) |
triggering of self-perception |
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social influence |
The study of how the behaviors and thoughts of individuals are affected by the presence of others |
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social faciliatation |
The enhancement in performance that is sometimes found when an individual performs in the presence of others |
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social interference |
The impairment in performance that is sometimes found when an individual performs in the presence of others |
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altruism |
Acting in a way that shows unselfish concern for the welfare of others |
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Bystander effect |
The reluctance to come to aid of a person in need when other people are present |
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diffusion of responsibility |
The idea that when people know (or think) that others are present in a situation, they allow their sense of responsibility for action to diffuse, or spread out widely, among those who are present |
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social loafing |
The tendency to put out less effort when working in a group compared to when working alone |
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deindividualization |
The loss of individuality, or depersonalization, that comes from being in a group |
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conformity |
The tendency to comply with the wishes of the group; when people conform, their opinions, feelings, and behaviors generally start to move toward to group norm |
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in-group |
A group of individuals with whom one shares features in common or with whom one identifies |
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group polarization |
The tendency for a group's dominant point of view to become stronger and more extreme with time |
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groupthink (Irving Janis) |
The tendency for members of a group to become so interested in seeking a consensus of opinion that they start to ignore and even suppress dissenting views |
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obedience |
The form of compliance that occurs when people respond to the orders of an authority figure |
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reciprocity |
The tendency for people to return in kind the feelings that are shown toward them |
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passionate love |
An intense emotional state characterized by a powerful longing to be with a specific person; passionate love is marked by a combination of intimacy and passion, but commitment may be lacking |
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companionate love |
A kind of emotional attachment characterized by feelings of trues and companionship; companionate love is marked by a combination of intimacy and commitment, but passion may be lacking |
