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61 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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signs & symptoms of facial injuries |
distortion of the facial features bruising and swelling numbness and pain bleeding from the nose or mouth limited jaw movement teeth that are missing or misalignment of the teeth double vision: orbital fractures mouth that does not open or close drooling or saliva mixed with blood difficulty swallowing pain while talking |
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how would you help a person with a bleeding nose (epistaxis) |
position the patient to prevent blood from draining down the throat |
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what is the treatment when a person has a soft tissue injury to the outer ear |
place a loose, clean dressing across the opening. do not apply pressure |
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what is the treatment if the person has fluid or drainage flowing from the ear canal |
cover gently with sterile dressing do not attempt to stop he bleed |
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what is the treatment for a patient with lost teeth |
bite into gauze - this creates direct pressure over the wound area |
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what is the treatment for a patient with a penetration that compromises the airway |
remove penetrating object to open the airway |
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what is the treatment if the penetration does not compromise the airway |
leave the penetrating object in, position patient on their side to allow blood to drain |
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signs and symptoms of a brain injury |
change in LOC strong heartbeat that gradually becomes weak and slow high blood pressure breathing that becomes irregular with periods of apnea drainage from ears, eyes and mouth paralysis and flaccidity unequal or unreactive pupils unequal facial movements ringing in the ears rigidity of all the limbs |
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what does racoon eyes and battle signs refer to
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skull fractures |
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what is a concussion |
a temporary alteration of a part or all of the brains abilities to function without demonstrable physical damage |
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what are the signs and symptoms of a concussion |
momentary confusion or confusion that lasts several minutes inability to recall the period just before and after being injured repeatedly asking what happened mild to moderate irritability, uncooperativeness, combativeness, and verbal abusiveness persistent vomiting incontinence restlessness seizures breif loss of consciousness |
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what is coup/contra-coup injury |
bruising that occurs to the brain during head trauma caused by the initial strike of the brain against the inner wall of the skull. when the brain rebounds the opposite surface stikes the skull resulting in further bruising |
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what is an epidural bleed |
an arterial bleed above the dura mater |
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what is a subdural bleed |
a venous bleed below the dura mater |
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is a subdural worse than an epidural |
no. epidural is worse cause it happens faster |
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what is an intercerebal bleed |
due to hemoorhagic stroke is increased pressure within cranial cavity |
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what happens to pressure within the cranial cavity during an intracerebral bleed |
increases |
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what happens to the blood pressure, the breathing and the pulse when pressure in the cranial cavity increases. what is the condition called |
blood pressure increases breathing will be fast, slow, stop, repeat pulse decreases crushing's triad |
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what is the breathing called when its fast, slow, stops then repeats cycle
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cheynestokes breathing |
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what is the treatment for crushing triad ad cheynestokes breathing |
hyperoxygenate bvm every 3-5 seconds |
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signs and symptoms of spinal cord injury
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respiratory distress if cervical spine injury tenderness at the site of the injury on the spinal column pain along the spinal column with movement constant or intermittent pain, even without movement obvious deformity of the spine numbness, weakness or tingling in the arms and legs loss of sensation or paralysis in the upper/lower extremities or below the injury site |
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how is in-line stabilization applied |
1- support the lower jaw with your index and long fingers, while you support the head with your palms 2. if the head is not in line with the patient's navel, gently rotate the head until the patients eyes are looking straight ahead and the head and torso are in line 3. maintain this position before, during and after the application of the cervical collar 4. apply a cervical collar as a reminder to the patient to lie still 5. do not remove your hands from the patients' head until the patient has been completely secured to a spine board and the head has been immobilized |
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what does neutral mean |
head is not flexed forward/extended backward |
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what does inline mean |
patients nose is in line with the navel |
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why is a cervical collar applied |
to remind the patient not to move |
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why must the patients head remain stabilized until the patient is secured to the spine board |
cervical collar doesn't replace manual stablization |
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when would you not move the patient's head in-line with the body |
when the person's head is severely angled to one side when the person complains of pain, pressure or muscle spasm in the neck when you begin to align the head with the body if you feel resistance when attempting to move the head |
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what would you do if the patient's head was found in a severely angulated position |
stabilize in the position found |
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when can you release in-line stabilization |
when person is fully strapped on to the spine board |
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why must the cervical collar fit properly |
to minimize movement as much as possible |
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how is a cervical collar applied |
1. while one EMR provides continuous manual in-line stabilization of the head, another EMR prepares the collar 2. measuring the collar: an improperly sized collar could cause further injury 3. begin by placing the chin support snugly underneath the chin 4. wrap the collar around the neck and secure the collar to the far side of the chin support 5. ensure that the collar fits properly 6. maintain manual in-line stabilization until the patient is secured to the spinal board |
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what needs to be considered before a helmet is removed |
is the airway clear is the patient breathing adequately can you maintain the airway and assist ventilations if the helmet remains in place can the face guard be easily removed to allow access to the airway without removing the helmet how well does the helmet fit can the patient move within the helmet can the spine be immobilized in a neutral position with the helmet on |
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what are the steps of helmet removal |
1. one EMR stabilizes the helmet by placing their hands on either side of it with fingers on the patient's lower jaw to prevent movement of the head 2. the 2nd EMR cuts the straps 3. the 2nd EMR places one hand on the patient's lower jaw and the other behind the head at the occipitcal region 4. the EMR who was stabilizing the helmet can now remove the helmet 5. pull the sides of the helmet away from the patient's head 6. rock the helmet up and down gently to clear the nose 7. maintain manual in-line stabilization 8. apply the cervical collar |
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why is a kendrick extrication device used |
to transfer a patient from fowlers position to spine board
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what is he procedure for the KED |
middle lower legs head top |
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steps for rapid extrication |
1. bring the patient's head into a neutral, in-line position. 2. apply a cervical collar 3. rotate the patient into position. do this in several short coordinated moves until the patient\s back is in the open doorway and his or her feet are on the adjoining seat 4. bring the long backboard in line with the patient. it should rest against the patient's but 5. lower the patient onto the backboard and slide the patient onto the board in short, coordinated moves 6. secure the patient to the backboard. release manual stabilization when secured |
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steps used to place and secure patient on spine board |
the EMR at the head calls the roll 2 or more EMRs facing the patient cross arms at the pelvis and roll the patient on the call of the EMR maintaining in-line stabilization when the patient is on their side the back is assessed a spine board is put into place and the patient is then rolled onto it guided by the prompts of the EMR at the head the patient is centered onto the board the patient is then secured to the spine board: chest, thighs/legs and head last after the head has been secured the EMR maintaining in-line stabilization can let go |
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what is a sprain |
when a joint is twisted/stretched beyond normal range of motion |
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what is a strain |
excessive stretching and tearing of muscles and/or tendons |
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if severe enough, which will lead to a dislocation, strain or sprain |
sprain |
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what is a dislocation |
displacement/separation of a bone from normal position at a joint |
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are dislocations ever re-aligned |
yes |
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what is a fracture |
a break/disruption in the bone tissue |
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how are fractures classified |
closed - skin is intact open - skin is open non-displaced - normal displaced - deformity |
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a patient with a fracture may be in a lot of pain. what medication is within your scope of practice to give |
ASA - aspirin |
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signs and symptoms of musculoskeletal injuries |
deformity or angulation: compare to uninjured limb tenderness and pain guarding: inability to use the extremity swelling bruising: contusion - late sign crepitus: grating or grinding sensation false motion joint locked in position exposed bone ends a snap or crack heard by the patient at the time of injury MOI suggests a musculoskeletal injury |
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when is a fracture stabilized in the scenario |
primary |
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when is a fracture treated |
secondary |
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what are the principles of splinting |
use BSI precautions do not release manual stabilization of an injured extremity until it is properly and completely immobilized never pull protruding bones beneath the skin you can't assess what you can't see. expose the injured area. remove all jewelry from the injury site and distal to it. control any bleeding and dress all ope wounds before applying a splint if a long bone is injured, immobilize it and the joints above and below the inury |
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when is an extremity re-aligned? |
if a limb is severely deformed by a fracture in the mid-third region of the bone, and the limb has no pulse or is cyanotic distal to the injury site, re-alighn it with gentle manual traction before splinting. grasp the limb above and below the site of the injury and pull gently. |
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how would you determine if a deformity is a mid-shaft fracture |
divide bone into thirds. if mid-shaft it's not on bones/joints |
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what are the considerations for re-aligning an extremity |
- if the deformity and pin is located i the mid-third region of the bond assume a mid-shaft fracture - always make an attempt to realign a mid-shaft fracture when there is no pulse distal to the injury - an attempt to realign a femur fracture is always made whether the pulse is present or absent - do not realign a fracture if there is firm resistance to movement, a significant increase in pain or crepitus |
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what does the rule of the thirds refer to |
determining where the fracture is located |
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for what injury is a traction splint used |
mid-shaft femur fracture |
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why is the traction splint used |
holds the limb in alignment |
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what are the steps to applying a traction splint |
1. after exposing the injured area, check the CMS 2. estimate the proper length of the splint by placing it next to the injured limb 3. place the splint at the inner thigh, apply the thigh strap at the upper thigh and secure snugly 4. secure the ankle harness just above the malleoli 5. extend the splints inner shaft to apply traction: apply to 10% of the patient's body weight to a maximum of 15lbs. the rule also applies to bilateral traction splints 6. secure the splint with elasticized cravats: upper, middle then lower |
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why are pelvic injuries potentially life-threatening |
may result in a life-threatening internal bleed |
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what are the risk factors for a pelvic injury |
ederly people with osteoporosis fall from standing high-energy forces car crashes |
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what are the assessment findings of a pelvic fracture |
instability of the pelvis when you press in/down instability to move one or both legs effectively reduced strength to one/both legs signs of shock reduced circulation to one/both legs distal to injury |
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how is a pelvic injury treated |
apply a pelvic binding to hold in align manual stabilization scoop stretcher |
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a patient has an unstable pelvis. discuss how you will scoop, bind and secure he patient to spine board |
use a scoop stretcher to move patient on a spinal board reduce manual stabilization with pelvic binding. strap patient to back board with the scoop stretcher |
