Chapter 12- Social Psychology

Front 1

Conformity

Back 1

Adjusting behavior to bring it in line with group standard

More likely if:
You feel incompetent/insecure
3+ people in group
group ins unanimous
group is high status/attractive
No prior commitment to another response

We conform because:
To get social approval
group provides valuable information

Front 2

Obedience

Back 2

Obedience is highest when person giving orders is an authority figure
supported by a prestigious institution

Front 3

Social Facilitation/Loafing

Back 3

People do better/worse in the presence of others

Front 4

Bystander effect

Back 4

Everybody assumes somebody else calls the police so nobody does

Sometimes it is better to have one witness than many

Must know that it is an emergency

Victim is similar to you, or seems to deserve help

Front 5

Deindividualization

Back 5

anonimity
diffused responsibility
group size

Front 6

Do people develop positive or negative attitudes more easily?

Back 6

Negative

Front 7

Exposure effect

Back 7

People tend to gain positive attitudes to things they are exposed to more

Coffee

Front 8

What attitudes affect behavior the most?

Back 8

Ones that are more personally relevant and were developed through direct experience

Front 9

Attitude accessibility

Back 9

How likely an attitude is to influence behavior

Front 10

Explicit/Implicit memories

Back 10

Explicit- attitudes people are aware of (I like bowling)

Implicit- unconscious attitudes that reflect behavior (buying a product endorsed by a celebrity even if you arent consciously aware of it)

Front 11

Implicit association test

Back 11

Determines how quickly somebody associates words or concepts with positive/negative words

Front 12

Cognitive dissonance

Back 12

Difference between attitude and behavior

smoke even though they know it can kill them

causes anxiety and tension

Front 13

Postdecisional dissonance

Back 13

When choosing between two good things, one might only think of the positive aspects of one and the negatives of the other

buying a car vs a truck

going to NU over UM

Front 14

Justifying effort

Back 14

Initiation sucks, but people view their frats more positively afterwards because they have to justify going through initiation

Front 15

Elaboration likelihood model
2 routes of persuasion

Back 15

Central route- people pay attention to all information and rationalize result to for opinion. Lasts over time and resistant to change

Peripheral route- people barely process information. Leads to impulse actions

Front 16

Gait

Back 16

How people walk

Front 17

Attributions

Back 17

Casual explanations for why events occur

Front 18

Just world hypothesis

Back 18

If somebody does something bad, the other person must have deserved it

This can be used to justify the guards in Abu Ghraib because the prisoners must have been in the wrong

Front 19

Personal attributions
(internal, dispositional)

Back 19

Explanations of internal characteristics such as mood, traits, or efforts

Front 20

Situational attributions
(external)

Back 20

Explanations of external characteristics such as weather, luck, or the actions of other people

Front 21

Fundamental attribution erroe

Back 21

Tendency for people to overestimate internal and underestimate situational factors in behavior

Front 22

Correspondence bias

Back 22

People expect others behaviors to correspond with their own beliefs

Front 23

Actor/observer discrepancy

Back 23

If you are late, it is traffic's fault
If they are late, they are lazy

occurs more for negative events

Front 24

Subtyping

Back 24

Putting people who are an exception to a stereotype in their own category rather than reforming the stereotype

Front 25

Self-fulfilling prophecy

Back 25

People perform to conform to their own or others beliefs

Teacher was told some students would learn a lot that year and others wouldn't. Somehow the teacher had a subconscious influence and the bloomers did actually do better

Front 26

Stereotype vs Prejudice vs Discrimination

Back 26

Stereotype- schema that allows people to deduce characteristics about somebody depending on the group they belong to

Prejudice- negative attitudes based on stereotypes

Discrimination- unjustified treatment based on association with a group

Front 27

Ingroups/Outgroups

Back 27

groups to which we do/do not belong

People recognize ingroup people more easily

People thing outgroup people are less varied

Front 28

Superordinate goals

Back 28

One of the only ways to reduce hostility between groups

When both groups have to work together to achieve a common goal

Front 29

Jigsaw classroom

Back 29

A classroom was give a group project on Mexico. Each person was assigned an aspect such as geography. The kids worked with people in their group and people in other groups who were working on geography. This gave the best results.

Front 30

Risky-shift effect

Back 30

People in a group are sometimes riskier and sometimes more cautious than they would be alone because they enhance initial opintions

Front 31

Group polarization

Back 31

Discussion tends to strengthen people's views on a subject

Front 32

Groupthink

Back 32

People are overly concerned with the cohesiveness of the group

Then happened in the challenger launch because some people knew it was risky

Front 33

Autokinetic effect

Back 33

People were put in a dark room and observed a light that moved. Their estimates about how much it moved varied a lot, but when they heard other people report what they thought, they changed their answers

Front 34

Obedience

Back 34

People are more likely to do an undesirable demand if they have done something smaller for the same person/cause in the near past

Front 35

Factors linked to aggresssion

Back 35

Stimulus to Amygdala, septum, hypothalamus

Serotonin reduced aggression

However, damage or removal of amygdala led to passive behavior

Front 36

Kluver-Bucy syndrome

Back 36

Cats that had their amygdala removed put everything in their mouths

Front 37

Cognitive neoassociation model

Back 37

frustration leads to aggression because it elicits negative emotions

Front 38

Cultural aggressiveness

Back 38

Some cultures may be more aggressive because they have an honor code in which people have to defend their reputations

People in the south get more aggressive more quickly than people raised in the north

Front 39

Altruism

Back 39

Providing help when it is needed without reward

Front 40

Kin selection

Back 40

People are altruistic with people with whom they share genes

Front 41

When somebody is too perfect

Back 41

They can make other people feel inadequate.

A perfect person who spilled coffee was rated higher than one that did not

Front 42

Passionate vs compassionate love

Back 42

Passionate- intense longing and sexual desire. Increased dopamine

Compassionate- overwhelming desire to be together and to be sexually aroused in each others presence. Care that develops over time

Front 43

If somebody's parents were warm, they will be able to become more attached than if their parents were cold or detached

Back 43

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Front 44

Accommodation in relationships

Back 44

Happy partners attribute happy feelings to each other and negative ones to situations. Distressed partners do the opposite.

Front 45

Validating in relationships

Back 45

If there is a disagreement, each partner recognizes the other's point as valid