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178 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Organs of the Nervous system |
Brain and spinal cord sensory receptors |
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What connects the nervous system with other parts of the body |
nerves |
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What are the two kinds of cells in nervous tissue |
nueron and neuroglia |
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Cells that send and receive messages are called |
neurons |
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cells that support and protect neurons are called |
Neuroglia aka glial cells |
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Central Nervous system consists of |
Brain and spinal cord |
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Functions of CNS |
Gathers sensory date from inside and outside body, controls activities of PNS, Higher functions of brain intelligence, memory learning and emotion |
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What is included in the PNS |
Crainal nerves, spinal nerve and ganglia |
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This is a collection of cell bodies |
Ganglia |
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What are nerves |
Bundles of axons with connective tissues and blood vessels |
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What do the nerves of the PNS do: |
carry Sensory info and motor commands in PNS |
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What are functions of PNS |
Deliver Sensory Info to CNS Carry motor commands to Peripheral tissues and systems |
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What are the functional division of PNS |
Afferent and efferent |
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What does efferent division of PNS do: |
Carriers motor commands from CNS to PNS muscles and glands |
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What does the afferent division of PNS do: |
Carries Sensory information from PNS sensory receptors to CNS |
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What do the receptors of afferent division of PNS do: |
Detect changes or respond to stimuli in neurons, specialized cells, and complex sensory organs |
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What do effectors of afferent division in PNS do: |
respond to efferent signals of cells and organs |
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Three general functions of CNS and PNS: |
1.Collect information via receptors in PNS and pass on to CNS 2. CNS processes and evaluates info and determines if response needed 3. CNS initiates specific nerve impulses, called motor oupt to effectors (muscles or glands) to react to changes in body's enviroment |
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This PNS functional division controls voluntary and involuntary reflexs of skeletal muscle in the efferent division of the |
Somatic Nervous System |
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This PNS functional division controls subconscious actions, contractions of smooth muscle, cardiac muscle and glandular secretions |
Autonomic Nervous system |
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This Sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system of PNS has what effect |
stimulating |
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This Parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system of PNS has what effect |
relaxing |
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What are the parts of the Multipolar neuron in common in the CNS |
Cell body aka soma Large nucleus and nucleolus perikaryon (cytoplasm) Short, branched dendrites |
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The neurofilaments and neurotubules are contained in the ___________ along with the neurobrils |
cytoskeleton |
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These are bundles of neurofilaments that provide support for dendrites and axon |
neurofibrils |
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These are dense areas of RER and ribosomes located in ______. The make neural tissue look gray and are also called _____________ |
Neuron Gray matter |
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This carries electrical signal of action potential to target |
Axon |
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These are highly branched, receive info from other neurons. 80-90 percent of neuron surface area |
Dendrites |
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Structures of Axon |
Axoplasm axolema axon hillock initial segment collaterals telodendria axonterminals |
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This contains cytoplasm of axon, contains neurofibrils, neurotubules, enzymes and organelles |
axoplasm |
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Specialized cell membrane of axon, covers axoplasm |
axolemma |
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This is thick section of axon of cellbody, attaches to initial segment |
axon hillock |
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This attaches to axon hillock |
initial segment |
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These are branches of single axon |
collaterals |
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These are fine extensions of distal axon |
telodendria |
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These are tips of telodendria |
axon terminals |
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Why must protiens made in soma aka cell body be transported to axon and axon terminal |
to repair axolemma, they serve as gated ion channel proteins and as enzymes or neurotransmitters |
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What are the modes of axon transport |
Anterograde - movement down axon away from cell/soma Retrograde - Movement up axon toward soma |
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What are the motor protiens of microtubles, how do they transport materials and what type of transport are they involved in |
Kinesin - carry materials on thier back and crawl, involved in antergrade transport Dynein - also carry protiens on back and are involved in retrograde transport |
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two types of axonal transport |
Fast - up to 400 mm day involve anterograde and retrograde Slow - up to 10 mm day always anterograde involved in nerve fiber repair |
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What are structures of neuro |
Presynaptic cell post synaptic cell synaptic cleft |
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This are of neuro sends message |
presynaptic cell |
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This area receives message |
postsynaptic cell |
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This is small gap that separates the presynaptic membrane and postsynaptic membrane |
Synaptic cleft |
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Types of Snyapes of Neurons |
Neuromusclular - synapse between neuron and muscle Neuroglandular - Synapse between neuron and gland |
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These have more than two processes and are all dendrites. Found in brain and sense organs |
Anaxonic Neuro |
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These have two process seperated by one sense organ, found in special sense organs - sight, smell, hearing |
Bipolar neuron |
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These have unipolar neurons and have single elongated process with cell body located off to side, found in PNS sensory neurons |
unipolar |
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These have two or more processes, single axon and multiple dendrites, common in CNS |
multipolar neuron |
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Skeletal muscle comprised of what kind of neuron |
multipolar |
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what kind of neurons of PNS detect stimuli and transmit info about CNS |
Sensory |
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These are located entirely within CNS, Receive signals and make decisions on response ect. |
Interneurons |
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Interneurons are what percentage of all neurons |
90% |
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What are the three types of Sensory Receptors of Neurons |
Interoceptors Exteroceptors Proprioceptors |
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This type of sensory neuron monitors internal systems (digestive, respitory, cardiac, urinary, reproductive )and internal senses (ex. taste, deep pressure, pain) |
interoceptors |
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This sensor receptor monitors Externalsenses (touch, temperature, pressure) Distancesenses (sight, smell, hearing)
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Exteroceptors |
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This sensory receptor monitors position and movement (skeletal muscles and joints)
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proprioceptors |
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This Glial Cell is large cell with many cell processes, maintains blood brain barrier, regulates fluid composition, structural support to CNS, replaces damaged neurons, assists with neuronal development |
Astrocyte |
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This glial cellis found in brain or spinal cord, has cilia on apical surface |
Assists in production and circulation of spinal fluid |
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This glial cell is least common and has small slender branches, defends against pathgens, removes debris, phagocytizes waste |
Microglial Cell |
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This glial cells cytoplasmic extensions wrap around and mylinates CNS axons to allow faster conduction of nerve impulses through axons |
Oligodendrocyte |
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This flattended glial cell clusters around cell bodies, protects and regulates nutrients for cell bodies in ganglia |
Satellite cell |
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This glial cell insulates and protects PNS axons |
Neurolemmocyte |
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These are Oliogdencrocytes that myelinate segments of axon called |
internodes |
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These Oligodendrocytes called nodes of Ranvier, gaps between internodes where axons may branch |
nodes |
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This mylination is a region of CNS with many myelinated nerves |
White Matter |
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This unmyelinated area of CNS is called |
gray matter |
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This cell wraps hundreds of layers of myelin around its own membrane, no cytoplasm betweeen membranes, has neurilemma which is thick outermost coil contains nucleus and cytomplasm and is located in PNS |
Schwan cell |
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External to Neurilemma is basal lamina and thin layer of fiborous connective tissue called |
endoneurium |
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These in CNS reach out to myelinate several nerve fibers in immediate vicinity. Anchored to multiple nerve fibers, cannot migrate, spiral inward, there is no neurilemma or endoneurim |
Oligdendrocytes |
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Neuroglia are found in the ______ and contain _____ |
PNS Satellite and schwann cells |
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These are flattend cells arranged around neuronal cell bodies in ganglia of Glial Cell in PNS |
Satellite cells |
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This cell encloses unmyelinated axons by single cell and a series is required to cover entire length |
Schwan Cell |
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A regeneration of a damaged peripheral nerve fiber can occur only if: |
Soma is intact and some neurilemma must remain |
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In the ______ regeneration of nerve fibers cannot occur at all |
CNS |
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In CNS nerve regeneration limited to |
Chemicals released by astrocytes that block growth and produce scar tissue |
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This is a process that results when a nerve fiber is cut or crushed, in which the part of the axon separated from the neuron's cell body degenerates distal to the injury.
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Wallerian degenration |
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In wallerian degeneration what type of cells provide path for new grown and wrap axon in myelin |
Schwann cells |
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These fibers are myelinated, large diameter, high speed fibers that carry info from/to CNS regarding postion, balance, touch and motor impulses |
A fibers |
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These fibers are myelinated, medium diameter, medium speed, carry intermediate signals of sensory info for peripheral effectors |
B fibers |
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These fibers are unmyelinted carry slower information, involuntary muscle and control glands |
C Fibers |
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All Plasma cell membranes produce electrical signals by |
ION Movements |
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What are the five membrane potentials: |
Resting Potential Graded Potential Action Potential Synaptic activity Information Processing |
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This is potential of a resting cell |
Resting potentital |
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This is temporary, localized change in resting potential, caused by stimulus |
garded potential |
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This is an electrical impulse, produced by graded potential, propagates along surface of axon to synapse |
Action Potential |
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This releases neurotransmitters at presynaptic membrane and produces graded potentials in postsynaptic membrane |
Synaptic activity |
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This is response to intergration of stimuli of postsynaptic cell |
information processing |
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What are three important concepts of membrane potental |
1. Extracellular fluid and interacellular fluid (Cytosol) differ greatly in ionic composition of NA and K. 2. Cell membrane is selectively permeable 3. Membrane permeability varies by ion |
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The intracellular (cytosol) concentration is high in what type of ions which tend to move out of cell through leak channels driven by concentration gradient |
Potassium (K) |
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The extracellular concentration of this ino is high so it moves through leak cells driven by concentration gradient |
Sodium (NA) |
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These maintain NA and K concentration across plasma membrane and are not drive by concentration gradient |
Sodium-potassium exchange pumps |
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The plasma membrane is more permeable to what type of ions resulting in more positive charges outside membrane |
Potassium (K) |
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Inside the membrane protien membrane are ____ charged and cannot ____ membrane |
negatively leave |
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The difference in positive and negative ions on each side of membrane results in __________ acros membrane |
Electrical gradiant |
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The membrane potential at which there is no net movement of a particular ion across the cell membrane is called |
Equilibrium potential |
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Examples of equalibrium potential are |
K = -90 mv NA + 66 mv |
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What is the charge of a resting membrane and the equilibrium potential for K is which are very fairly close |
-70MV -90 mv |
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Sodium has what type of effect on eletrochemical gradient of membrane |
small |
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The sodium potassium exchagne pum eject ___ NA ions for every ____ K ions it brings into the cell. |
3 2 |
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A typical neuron has a resting cell potential of |
-70mv |
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When neuron is stimulated _____ gates open allowing ions to rush into cell, this ______ negative charge and membrane potential drifts to ____. |
NA neutralizes 0 |
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_______ results when membrane voltage shifts to less than a negative value |
Depolarization |
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The diffusion of NA inside Plasma membrane for short time move potential towards cells trigger zone. This short range change in voltage is called |
local potential |
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Characteristics of local potential |
graded, decremental, reversible, excitory or inhibitory |
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What are the types of Graded potentials |
Repolarization Hyperpolarization |
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When stimulus is removed and membrane returns to normal this graded potential is called |
repolarization |
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When negativity of resting potential increases which results in opening of a potassium channel, positive ions move out of cell instead of in. This graded potential is called |
Hyperpolarization |
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Graded potentials occur at _____ or _______ and _____ specific cell functions. Ex. Exocytosis of glandular secretions |
Cell dendrites or Cell bodies trigger |
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Graded potential also occur at the motor end plate and release _____ into synaptic cleft |
ACH |
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In graded potential the membrane is most changed at |
site of stimulation |
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The effects of a membrane potential spread due to |
local currents |
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Graded change in membrane potential involves _________ or _____________ |
depolarization or hyperpolarization |
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In graded potential a stronger stimulus results in ________ change and a ________ area is affected |
Greater Larger |
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This affects entire membrane and link graded potentials at cell body with motor end plate |
action potential |
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In order for action potential to initial the _______must depolarize and change resting potential of -70mv to _______level of sodium gated channels to -60 to -55 mv and increase of 10-15 mv |
axon hillock threshold |
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This is called the _____________ as once action potential is inititated it is the same no matter how large the stimulus. |
all or non principle |
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If excitatory local potential spreads all the way to the ______ zone, and is still strong enough when it arrives, it can open these gates and generate an action potentail |
Trigger |
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What is the critical voltage to reach local potential must rise to open voltage regualted gates |
-55 MV |
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Once rising membrane potential passes 0 MV the ____ gates are inactivated. This takes time so end result is membrane volated of |
NA +35 mv |
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In order to repolarize and shift membrane potential back to negative number and or resting number _____ is expelled from intracellular fluid |
k |
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More ___ leaves cell than ____ entering |
k NA |
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NA and K _____ places across membrane during an action potential |
NA and K |
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4 Steps of action potential |
1. Depolarization to Threshold 2. Activation of NA channels 3. Inactivation of NA channels then activation of K channels 4. Return to normal resting potential - K channels close |
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Action potential always |
depolarize |
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Graded potential can _____________ or _____________ |
de or hyperpolarize |
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There is no _____value involved in graded potentials |
threshold |
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In graded potential amount of depolorization or hyperpolarization depends on ____________ |
intensity of stimulus |
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Grade potential effect _____ as it moves away from site of stimulation where as an action potential does not _____ and extends along entire membrane surface |
decreases decrease |
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Graded potentials do not have ___________ period but action potential do have one. |
refractory |
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Graded potentials occur mostly in ________ membranes whereas Action potential occur only in _________ membranes of specialized cells such as neurons and muscle cells. |
Plasma Excitable |
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What is the refractory period of action potential |
Time from begining of action potential to resting state when membrane will not respond to additional stimulli |
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This is period when sodium channels open or inactivated, no action possible |
refractory |
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This period is when membrane potential is almost normal and very large stimulus can initiate action potential |
Relative Refractory Period |
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During refractory period the membrane can only respond to a ______________ stimulus |
large-than-normal |
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This moves action potentials generated in axon hillock along entire length of axon |
Propogation |
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What are the two types of propogation action potentials |
Continuous (unmyelinated axons) Saltatory (myelinated axons) |
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In __________ conduction signal jumps from node to node and depolarization occurs only at nodes and is much faster than in unmyelinated fibers |
Saltatory |
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Chemical synapses are the ______ making devices of the nervous system |
decision |
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The more synapses a neuron has the _____ info processing capabilities |
more |
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Pyramidal cells in cerebral cortex have _______ synaptic contacts with other neurons |
40k |
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Cerebral cortex of brain has ______ synapses |
100 Trillon |
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Grade potentials developed in postsynaptic cell are in response to _________ |
neurotransmitters |
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What are the two types of postsynaptic potentials |
Excitatory synaptic potential (EPSP) Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potential (IPSP) |
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This is graded depolarization of postsynaptic membrane |
Excitatory synpatic Potential |
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This is graded hyperpolorization of post synaptic membrane |
Inhibitory Postsynaptic potential |
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This is likely to occur in any voltage change in the direction of the threshold that makes a neuron fire, usually results from NA flowing into cell canceling some negative charges on inside of membrane |
Excitatory Postsynaptic Potential |
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Glutamate and aspartate are excitatory brain neurotransmitters taht produce |
Excitatory PSP's |
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This is any voltage change away from threshold that makes neuro less likely to fire. Causing inflow of CL that makes cytsol more negative |
Inhibitory Postsynaptic potentials |
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ach is _________ to some cells like skeletal muscle but ______ cardiac muscle |
excitatory inhibitory |
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Glycine and GABA are |
Inhibitory PSP's |
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This is called ________ as EPSP accumulate, raising membrane potential to threshold and until small stimulus can trigger action potential |
Facilitation |
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This is shifting balance between EPSP and IPSP as Neurotransmitter an change membrane sensitivity |
Summation |
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A neuron who receives many ISPS is _______ from producing an action potential because stimulation to reach threshold has been increased |
inhibited |
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One epsp is not enough to trigger action potential, they must combine through |
temporal and spatial summation |
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This is rapid, repeated stimuli at one snyapse |
Temporal summation |
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This is many stimuli arriving at multiple synapses |
spatial summation |
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A ______ circuit has one nerve fiber and synapses with several postsynaptic cells. |
diverging |
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This __________ circuit has input from many different nerve fibers and can be funneled to one neuron or neural pool |
Converging |
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This circuit stimulates each other in linear sequence but one cell restimulates the first cell to start the process all over - occurs in diaphram and intercostal muscles |
reverberating circuits |
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This circut involves input neurons diverging to stimulate several chains of neurons |
Parallel after discharge circuits |
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Synaptic plasticity is |
The ability of synapses to change |
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This is the process of making transmission easier |
synaptic potentiation |
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Long term memory that allows one to retain events that can be put into words |
declarative |
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Long term memory that involves retention of motor skills |
procedural |
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Synapses that are located together by gap junctions that produce local continuous current and action potential found in brain, eye, ciliary ganglia are called |
Electrical |
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Synapses transmitted by chemical neurotransmitters in which cells are not in direct contact and an action potential may or may not be produced are called: |
Chemical Synapses |
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Effect of neurotransmitter on postsynaptic membrane depends on _______ and not on the neurotransmitter |
receptor |
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This type of synapse occurs at all neuromuscular junction involving skeletal muscles |
Cholinergic Synapses |
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This occurs when neurotransmitter cannot recycle fast enough to meet demands of intense stimuli |
Synpatic fatigue` |
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This occurs between arrival of action potential and effect on postsynaptic membrane |
synaptic delay |
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There are at least _____ neurotransmitters other than ach including ___________, ___________, _________ and _________. |
50 biogenic amines amino acids neuropeptides dissolved gases |
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Important neuro transmitters other than ach (4) |
Norepinphrine dopamine serotonin Gamma aminogutyric acid (GABA) |
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These _________ have long term effects, involve multiple steps, after either or both post or pre synaptic membranes, released alone or with neuro transmitter. |
Neurodoulators |
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These are neuromodulators that bind to receptor and activate enzymes |
Neuropeptides |
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These are neuromodulators in CNS, bind to Same receptors as opium and morphine, relieve pain |
opiods |
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Neurotransmitter and neuromodulators have what effects |
Direct effects on membrane channels indirect effects on G protiens Indirect effects on Intracellular enzymes |
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______________ work through second messengers, enzyme complex that binds to GTP, link between neurotransmitter and second messenger, activate enzyme Adenylyl cyclase |
G protiens |