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79 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Sensory |
detects changes in internal and external environment |
|
motor |
initiates muscle contraction and gland secretion |
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integrative |
analyzed and stores information, higher functioning and reasoning |
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anatomical divisions of nervous system |
central and peripheral |
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central nervous system |
brain and spinal cord |
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peripheral nervous system |
all neural tissue nerves ganglia plexuses |
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functional divisions of PNS |
sensory and motor |
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sensory PNS |
send information TO the CNS
PNS TO CNS |
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motor PNS |
FROM CNS TO effectors (effectors being glands, muscles etc.)
autonomic and somatic* |
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subdivided Motor PNS |
Somatic and autonomic |
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somatic motor PNS |
controls skeletal muscles
conscious control |
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autonomic motor PNS |
controls smooth muscle, cardiac muscle and glands
dont consciously control |
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cells in neural tissue |
neurons
glial cells |
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neurons |
perform communication, info processing and control functions
production of electrical signals |
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glial cells |
support and protect neurons
outnumber neurons |
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parts of a neuron |
dendrites axon and cell body |
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dendrites |
receive information |
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axon |
send information |
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axoplasm |
cytoplasm of axon |
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axoplasmic transport |
movement of substances along the axon
*movement occurs in both directions
|
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sensory neurons |
located in sensory ganglia. FROM receptors to CNS. |
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motor neurons |
motor division of PNS CNS to visceral or skeletal muscles or glands |
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somatic motor neurons |
cell bodies located in CNS. control skeletal muscles |
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visceral motor neurons
Autonomic |
control smooth muscles, glands and cardiac muscle |
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interneurons |
most abundant type of neurons in brain and spinal cord
the more complex the response is, the more interneurons are being used. *involved in higher functioning |
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ependymal cells |
line the CSF spaces in CNS.
helps circulate CSF |
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astrocytes |
maintain blood brain barrier most abundant glial cell scar tissue in CNS after injury |
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microglia |
migrate through neural tissue in CNS engulf cell debris and pathogens |
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oligodendrocytes |
mylenate axons in CNS of multiple axons
*No neurolemma |
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schwann cells |
mylenate SINGLE axon in PNS |
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Myelination |
wrapping insulation around axons |
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myelin |
lipid and protein material in concentric layers around axon
increases electrical speed |
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neurolemma |
ring of cytoplasm of the schwann cell which surrounds myelin
*important in axon regeneration |
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nodes |
gaps in myelin |
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demyelination |
progressive loss of myelin results in loss of sensation and motor control |
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multiple sclerosis |
immune system attacks myelin |
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white matter |
contain masses of MYELENATED axons
|
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gray matter |
contain cell bodies and dendrites *No myelin |
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Nerves |
bundles of axons in the PNS surrounded by connective tissue |
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tracts |
bundles of axons in the CNS without connective tissue |
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ganglia |
clusters of cell bodies in neurons of PNS |
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primary tumors |
originate in CNS cell division of abnormal glial cells |
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secondary tumors |
metastatic: spread into CNS |
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the cell has a slight _________ charge |
negative |
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the slight negative charge of cells in because of |
unequal distribution of ions across the membrane |
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resting potential is |
-70 mV |
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changes in the RMP result in 2 kinds of electrical signals |
graded and action potentials |
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graded potential |
in dendrites and cell bodies |
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action potentials |
in axons |
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[Na]+ is |
outside the cell |
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[K]+ is |
on the inside of cells |
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two types of channels |
leakage and gated channels |
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leakage channels |
permenantly open allow free passage of sodium and potassium |
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gated channels |
only open in response to stimuli |
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2 types of gated channels |
chemically and voltage gated |
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chemically gated channels |
open in response to neurotransmitters occur in dendrites
*graded potentials |
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voltage gated channels |
closed at resting potential open in response to voltage changes occur in axons
*action potentials |
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graded potentials |
occur in dendrites and cell bodies binding of neurotransmitters to receptors chemically gated channels
size of potential varies with amount of NTS 2 types |
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2 types of graded potentials |
depolarization and hyperpolarization |
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depolariztion |
upward toward 0 |
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hyperpolariation |
downward further from threshold |
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action potential |
axon-voltage-electrical-
2 types |
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2 types of voltage gated channels |
[Na] and [K] |
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[Na]+ ion |
open when the RMP is depolarized
inflow of Na+ further depolarizes the axon |
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[K]+ ion channel |
opens at depolarization but are slower to react K rushes out because the concentration gradient
repolarization |
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movement of action potential |
from initial segment down the axon |
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does action potential diminish with distance? |
nope |
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does graded potential diminish with distance? |
yuppers |
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2 types of movement of action potential |
continuous and saltitory |
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continuous propagation |
occurs only in unmyelinated axons
slow |
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saltitory propagation |
occurs in myelinated axons
fast |
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speed of action potentials depends on axons- |
diameter and myelination |
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synapse |
site of communication between 2 neurons |
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presynaptic |
axon- send signal |
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postsynaptic |
dendrite-receives signal |
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message sent in synapse is called |
neurotransmitter |
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graded potential 2 types |
*dendrites and cell bodies -neurotransmitter-chemically opened channels (depolarization and hyperpolarization)
depolarizion (EPSP)
hyperpolarization (IPSP) |
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removal of neurotransmitters (3) |
diffusion, breakdown and reabsorption |
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which axons might have a chance at regeneration |
PNS |