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57 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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how many children in the U.S, comprising what percentage?
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73 million, 25% of population
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Most common nutritional problem among American children?
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obesity, along with type 2 diabetes.
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define obesity
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BMI at or greater than the 95th percentile for youth of same age and gender.
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define overweight
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children with a BMI between the range of 85th and 95th percentiles
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BMI calculation
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weight/(height)2
1. lbs * 703 / height in inches (squared) 2. kg / meters (squared) |
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What is the leading cause of neonatal death in the U.S.?
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LBW, which is closely related to early gestational age.
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What is the leading cause of death in children over the age of 1 in the U.S.?
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injuries, with MV injuries being the majority.
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Childhood morbidity encompasses what?
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acute illness
chronic illness disability |
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80% of childhood illnesses are attributable to what?
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infections with respiratory tract infections occurring two or three times more often than all other illnesses combined.
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What are important determinants in the prevalence of injuries at a given age and thus help to direct preventive measures?
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developmental stage and environment
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Family centered care
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recognizes that the family is the constant in a child's life and that service systems and personnel must support, respect, and enhance the family's strength and competence.
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Atraumatic care
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the provision of therapeutic care in settings, by personnel, and through the use of interventions that eliminate or minimize the psychologic and physical distress experienced by children and their families in the health care system.
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overriding goal of attraumatic care is?
and the 3 principles for achieving this goal? |
goal: First, do no harm
3 principles: 1. prevent/minimize parent and child separation 2. promote a sense of control 3. prevent/minimize bodily injury or pain. |
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pediatric nurses role is:
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therapeutic relationship
family advocacy disease prevention health promotion health teaching support and counseling coordination and collaboration ethical decision making research |
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Infant Mortality
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Definition: number of deaths per 1000 live births during first year of life
Neonatal period: <28 days of life Postnatal period: 28 days to 1 year |
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concepts of family centered care are (2)
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Concept of ENABLING
Concept of EMPOWERMENT |
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Epidemiology
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-The science of population health applied to detection of morbidity and mortality
-Important component in developing health programs -Epidemiologic triangle: Agent Host Environmental factors |
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Primary Prevention
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Interventions that protect from disease or injury
Examples: Well-child clinics Immunization programs Safety programs Sanitation measures |
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Secondary Prevention
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-Promote early detection and treatment of illness
-Efforts to prevent spread of contagious diseases Examples: Tuberculosis screenings, lead screenings Isolation of communicable illnesses Early intervention programs (Head Start) |
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Tertiary Prevention
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-Interventions to optimize function for children with disability or chronic disease
-Examples: Asthma management programs Rehabilitation programs Special education programs for children |
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Family:
Consanguineous? , Affinal?, Household? |
-Is whatever a person considers it to be
-Consanguineous: blood relationship -Affinal: marital relationship -Family of origin: family unit born into -Household is used frequently to accommodate an increasing variety of family styles |
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General systems theory
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-The family is a system that continually interacts with its members and the environment
-Emphasis on interaction -Problems do not lie in any one member but in the type of interactions used by the family |
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Family Stress Theory
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-Families encounter stressors, both predictable and unpredictable
-With too many stressors for family to cope adequately, a crisis ensues -Adaptation requires a change in family structure and/or interaction |
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Developmental Theory
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-Addresses family change over time
-Duvall’s family life-cycle stages -Family is a semiclosed system that interacts with larger social system -Age of oldest child marks stage transitions |
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Traditional nuclear family
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married couple and biologic children
- both parents - siblings biological - no other persons present |
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Nuclear family
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- two parents and children,
- parent- child relationship can be biological, step, adoptive, or foster - parents don't have to be married - no other persons present |
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Blended family
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- aka reconstructed family
- includes at least one stepparent, step sibling, or half sibling |
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Extended family
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- includes at least one parent, one or more children, and one or more members other than a parent or sibling.
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Single-parenting families
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may acquire single parent status as a result of divorce, separation, death of a spouse, birth or adoption of a child.
-78% of children born to teenage mother who did not marry or graduate, live in poverty, in contrast to the 9% who do marry. |
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bi-nuclear families
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- parents still are allowed to parent, but the spousal unit is terminated.
- ex, joint custody. |
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divided or split custody
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-each parent is awarded custody of one or more of the children, thereby separating the siblings.
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joint physical custody
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the parents alternate the physical care and control of the children on an equitable basis while maintaining shared parenting responsibilities legally.
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joint legal custody
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the children reside with one parent but both parents are the children's legal guardians and both participate in child rearing.
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Large family qualities
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1, children able to adjust to a variety of changes and crisis
2. more emphasis on group than individual- cooperation is essential 3. limited one to one with parent, turn to siblings for needs 4. sibling disapproval or ostracism is more meaningful than parental interventions - adolescents are more peer oriented than family oriented. |
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small family qualities
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1. more emphasis on individual
2. parenting is intensive rather than extensive 3. children are measured against those in the neighborhood and social class 4. adolescents identify strongly to parents and rely on them for advice. They have more autonomous controls. |
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the longest relationship one with share with another human being is the...
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sibling realtionship.
- now more than ever before, siblings meet the needs for contact, constancy, and permanency. - tattling is an important lever, yet conspiracy of silence can happen too leaving the parents feeling isolated - maintaining each other's privacy serves as a powerful bond that distinguishes the relationship btwn siblings from that of friends. |
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pioneering
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one sibling initiates a process, thereby giving the others permission to follow.
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the only child
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-share many similarities with the first born child
-more mature and cultivated -experience greater parental pressure for achievement -have superiority in language facility -rarely are the stereotype of spoiled, selfish child -enjoy a rich fantasy life as a result of isolation |
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first born child
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-more achievement orientated
-more dominate -more physical punishment -allowed to show more aggression toward siblings -have stronger consciences, more self-discipline -more socially anxious -more prone to feeling of guilt -identify more with parents than with peers -plan better and experience fewer frustrations -more conservative -speak earlier |
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middle children
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-more demands for household help
-praised less often -receive less parental time -learn to comprise and be adaptable -less stimulated toward achievement -more difficult to characterize b/c of a variety of positions in family |
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youngest children
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-less dependent than first born
- less tense and more affectionate, more good natured -identify more with peer group -more flexible with their thinking -popular with classmates -fewer demands on them for household help. |
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identical or monozygotic twins
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-result from one ovum that separates early in development
-alike, physically and genetically, same sex -occurs uniformly in all populations -unaffected by maternal age -tendency to be unaffected by heredity -similar behavior |
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fraternal or dizygotic twins
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-result of two fertilized ovum
-differ physically and genetically, may be same or opposite sex -highest among blacks, lowest in Asians, white in the middle -more common with advancing maternal age -expressed only in the female -fathers appear to transmit disposition toward double ovulation to daughters -dissimilar behavior, more rivalry |
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generational continuity
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parents rear their children in much the same way as they themselves were reared.
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Factors Affecting Transition to Parenthood
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Age- most satisfactory are btwn 18-35
Father’s involvement Parenting education Support systems (2 kinds) 1. internal resources: adaption and integration 2. coping strategies |
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Authoritarian or dictatorial
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parents try to control their children's behavior through unquestioned mandates.
"Do it because I say so." - if paired with close supervision and affection child is typically sensitive, shy, self-conscious, retiring, submissive, courteous, loyal, honest, dependable, docile. -if not paired with that, child is defiant and antisocial. |
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permissive or laissez faire
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-parents exert little or mo control over their children's actions.
-consider themselves as resources not role models -rarely punish their children -children often control the parents are disobedient, disrespectful, and generally defiant of authority. |
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Authoritative or democratic
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parental control is firm, consistent, but tempered with understanding, encouragement, and security.
Children have high self-esteem, self- reliant, assertive, inquisitive, and highly interactive with others. |
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discipline
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means to teach or refers to a set of rules governing conduct.
- the action taken to enforce the rules after noncompliance |
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limit setting
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refers to establishing the rules or guidelines for behavior.
Ex. parents can only allow two hours of TV a day. |
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Limit Setting functions are
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1. Positive and necessary
2. Serves useful functions, helping children: -Test limits of control -Achieve in appropriate areas and levels -Channel undesirable feelings constructively -Protect selves from danger -Learn socially acceptable behavior |
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Discipline
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-Minimizing misbehavior
-Reasoning -Behavior modification (positive and negative reinforcement) -strategy of consequences -Time-out -Corporal punishment |
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For ignoring to be effective parents should (3)
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1. understand the process
2. record the undesired behavior before using ignoring to determine whether a problem exists and to compare results after ignoring is begun. 3. determine whether parental attention acts a a reinforcer 4. be prepared of "response burst" |
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ways to minimize misbehavior
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-set realistic goals, clear rules
-give opportunities for small success -praise desirable behavior -structure environment to prevent unnecessary difficulties -teach through own example -give advance notice or friendly reminders -be attentive to overexcitement or fatigue, which increase likelihood of misbehavior -offer sympathetic explanations -keep promises |
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3 types of strategy of consequences
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1. natural
2. logical 3. unrelated |
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flaws of corporal punishment (3)
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1. teaches children that violence is acceptable
2. it may physically harm child if results from parental rage 3. children become accustomed to spanking, requiring more severe corporal punishment. |
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Using time out
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1. 1 minute per 1 year of age
2. use a kitchen timer with audible bell to record time 3. select an area that is safe: unstimulating, but where the child can be seen. 4. explain the process of time out and what behaviors warrant a time out 5. the time out begins when they quite down. |
