Chapter 11: Gene Expression From Transcription To Translation

Front 1

Messenger RNA (mRNA)

Back 1

Intermediate between a gene and a polypeptide

Front 2

Transcription

Back 2

The process by which RNA is formed from a DNA template

Front 3

Translation

Back 3

The process by which proteins are synthesized in the cytoplasm from an mRNA template

Front 4

3 classes of RNA in a cell:

Back 4

mRNA, ribosomal RNA (rRNA), and transfer RNA (tRNA)

Front 5

DNA-dependent RNA polymerases are responsible for:

Back 5

Transcription in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes

Front 6

Promoter

Back 6

Where the enzyme binds prior to initiating transcription

Front 7

The enzyme requires the help of ____________ to recognize the promoter

Back 7

transcription factors

Front 8

Newly synthesized RNA chain grows in a ___ to ___ direction antiparallel to the DNA

Back 8

5' to 3'

Front 9

2 enzymatic activities of RNA polymerase:

Back 9

-digestion of incorrect nucleotides

-polymerization

Front 10

Bacterial promoters are located _______ from the site of initiation

Back 10

upstream

Front 11

Transcription factors

Back 11

regulate the activity of RNA polymerases

Front 12

Primary transcript (pre-RNA) is

Back 12

The initial RNA molecule synthesized

Front 13

Transcription unit

Back 13

DNA segment corresponding to a primary transcript

Front 14

Fibrillar center

Back 14

contains the DNA that codes for ribosomal RNA

Front 15

Dense fibrillar center

Back 15

contains the nascent pre-rRNA transcripts

Front 16

Granular component

Back 16

contains ribosomes

Front 17

Nontranscribed spacer

Back 17

separates transcription units in a ribosomal gene cluster

Front 18

small, nucleolar RNAs (snoRNAs) are packages with proteins into

Back 18

snoRNPs (small, nucleolar ribonucleoproteins)

Front 19

The precursors of mRNAs are represented by diverse RNAs called

Back 19

heterogenous nuclear RNAs (hnRNAs)

Front 20

Eukartoyic genes contain ______________ which are missing from mature mRNAs

Back 20

intervening sequences

Front 21

The presence of genes with intervening sequences are called

Back 21

split genes

Front 22

Exons

Back 22

The parts of the split gene that contribute to the mature mRNA

Front 23

Introns

Back 23

The intervening sequences

Front 24

RNA splicing

Back 24

removal of introns from a pre-mRNA

Front 25

RNA interference (RNAi)

Back 25

results in the destruction of some mRNAs

Front 26

RNA silencing

Back 26

small RNAs inhibit gene expression

Front 27

piwi-interacting RNAs (piRNAS)

Back 27

small RNAs that suppress the movement of transposable elements in the germline

Front 28

Codons for amino acids are

Back 28

non-overlapping triplets of nucleotides

Front 29

Synonymous DNA mutation

Back 29

does not change the amino acid sequence

Front 30

Non-synonymous DNA mutation

Back 30

causes an amino acid substitution

Front 31

Nonsense DNA mutation

Back 31

creates a premature termination codon

Front 32

Frameshift DNA mutation

Back 32

alters the normal reading frame of the mRNA

Front 33

Anticodon on tRNA

Back 33

complements the codon of the mRNA

Front 34

Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases (aaRS)

Back 34

link amino acids with their respective tRNAs in a 2 step reaction

Front 35

Translation is divided into:

Back 35

Initiation

Elongation

Termination

Front 36

Polyribosome

Back 36

a complex of multiple ribosomes on mRNA, allowing simultaneous translation