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45 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Anaerobes |
Captured and utilized energy by oxygen-independent metabolism. |
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Aerobes |
Evolved to use oxygen to extract more energy from organic molecules. |
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In eukaryotes, aerobic respiration takes place in the ______________ |
Mitochondrion |
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Inner and outer mitochondrial membranes enclose 2 spaces: |
The matrix and intermembrane space |
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The outer mitochondrial membrane serves as its _______________ |
outer boundary |
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The inner mitochondrial membrane is subdivided into 2 interconnected domains: |
Inner boundary membrane Cristae: where the machinery for ATP is located |
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The mitochondrial matrix contains a ____________, ___________, and ______________ |
circular DNA molecule ribosomes enzymes |
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RNA and proteins can be synthesized in the ________ |
matrix |
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The outer membrane contains a large pore-forming protein called |
porin |
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The first steps in oxidative metabolism are carried out in ________________ |
glycolysis |
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Glycolysis produces ___________, ________, and 2 molecules of __________ |
pyruvate, NADH, and ATP |
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Pyruvate is transported across inner membrane and decarboxylated to form ________ |
acetyl CoA |
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Tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA) |
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In the Tricarboxylic acid cycle, 4 reactions in the cycle transfer a pair of electrons to NAD+ to form _______, or to FAD+ to form ___________ |
NADH FADH2 |
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The reduced coenzymes _________ and _________ are the primary products of the TCA cycle |
FADH2 and NADH |
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As electrons move through the electron-transport chain, _______ are pumped out across the inner membrane |
H+ |
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ATP is formed by the controlled movement of H+ back across the membrane through the _______________________________ |
ATP-synthesizing enzyme |
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Coupling of H+ translocation to ATP synthesis is called _________________ |
chemiosmosis |
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3 Molecules of ATP are formed from each pair of electrons donated by NADH: |
2 molecules of ATP are formed from each pair of electrons donated by FADH2 |
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ATP can be formed by substrate-level phosphorylation or ________________ |
oxidative phosphorylation |
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Oxidation-reduction (redox) potentials |
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Electron Transport |
Electrons move through the inner membrane via a series of carriers of decreasing redox potential |
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Electrons associated with either NADH or FADH2 are transferred through specific electron carriers that make up the _______________________ |
electron transport chain |
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Types of Electron Carriers |
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Flavoproteins |
Polypeptides bound to either FAD or FMN |
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Cytochromes |
Contain heme groups bearing Fe or Cu metal ions |
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Three cooper atoms |
Located within a single protein complex and alternate between Cu2+/Cu3+ |
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Ubiquinone |
Lipid-soluble molecule made of 5-carbon isoprenoid units |
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Iron-sulfur proteins |
Contain Fe in association with inorganic sulfur |
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Sequence of carriers determined by use of ____________ |
inhibitors |
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Electron Transport Complex 1 |
Catalyzes transfer of electrons from NADH to ubiquinone and transports four H+ per pair |
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Electron Transport Complex 2 |
Catalyzes transfer of electrons from succinate to FAD to ubiquinone without transport of H+ |
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Electron Transport Complex 3 |
Catalyzes the transfer of electrons from ubiquinone to cytochrome c and transports 4 H+ per pair |
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Electron Transport Complex 4 |
Catalyzes transfer of electrons to O2 and transports H+ across the inner membrane |
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Cytochrome oxidase |
Large complex that adds 4 electrons to O2 to form 2 molecules of H20 |
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Two components of the proton gradient |
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Structure of ATP synthase |
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Binding change mechanism states the following: |
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Peroxisomes |
Membrane-bound vesicles that contain oxidative enzymes |
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Plants contain a special peroxisome called _______________, which can convert fatty acids to glucose by germinating seedlings |
glyoxysome |
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Glycolysis ATPs:
Total ATP (gross) = ? Net ATP = ?
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Total ATP (Gross) = 8 Net ATP = 8 - 2 = 6 |
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Pyruvate to Acetyle Coenzyme A: Per glucose 2 NADH made = ? |
6 ATP |
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For 1 turn of the Krebs cycle: |
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Total ATP from 1 glucose: |
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Fatty Acid Cycle (Beta Oxidation) of 20 carbon fatty acid |
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