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45 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back

Anaerobes

Captured and utilized energy by oxygen-independent metabolism.

Aerobes

Evolved to use oxygen to extract more energy from organic molecules.

In eukaryotes, aerobic respiration takes place in the ______________

Mitochondrion

Inner and outer mitochondrial membranes enclose 2 spaces:

The matrix and intermembrane space

The outer mitochondrial membrane serves as its _______________

outer boundary

The inner mitochondrial membrane is subdivided into 2 interconnected domains:

Inner boundary membrane


Cristae: where the machinery for ATP is located

The mitochondrial matrix contains a ____________, ___________, and ______________

circular DNA molecule


ribosomes


enzymes

RNA and proteins can be synthesized in the ________

matrix

The outer membrane contains a large pore-forming protein called

porin

The first steps in oxidative metabolism are carried out in ________________

glycolysis

Glycolysis produces ___________, ________, and 2 molecules of __________

pyruvate, NADH, and ATP

Pyruvate is transported across inner membrane and decarboxylated to form ________

acetyl CoA

Tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA)

  • stepwise cycle where subtrate is oxidized and its energy conserved
  • the 2-carbon acetyl group from acetyl CoA is condense with the 4-carbon oxaloacetate to form a 6-carbon citrate
  • During the cycle, 2 carbons are oxidized to CO2, regenerating the 4-carbon oxaloacetate needed to continue the cycle

In the Tricarboxylic acid cycle, 4 reactions in the cycle transfer a pair of electrons to NAD+ to form _______, or to FAD+ to form ___________

NADH


FADH2

The reduced coenzymes _________ and _________ are the primary products of the TCA cycle

FADH2 and NADH

As electrons move through the electron-transport chain, _______ are pumped out across the inner membrane

H+

ATP is formed by the controlled movement of H+ back across the membrane through the _______________________________

ATP-synthesizing enzyme

Coupling of H+ translocation to ATP synthesis is called _________________

chemiosmosis

3 Molecules of ATP are formed from each pair of electrons donated by NADH:

2 molecules of ATP are formed from each pair of electrons donated by FADH2

ATP can be formed by substrate-level phosphorylation or ________________

oxidative phosphorylation

Oxidation-reduction (redox) potentials

  • Strong oxidizing agents have a high affinity for electrons
  • Redox reactions are accompanied by a decrease in free energy
  • The transfer of electrons causes charge separation that can be measured as a redox potential

Electron Transport

Electrons move through the inner membrane via a series of carriers of decreasing redox potential

Electrons associated with either NADH or FADH2 are transferred through specific electron carriers that make up the _______________________

electron transport chain

Types of Electron Carriers

  • Flavoproteins
  • Cytochromes
  • Three cooper atoms
  • Ubiquinone

Flavoproteins

Polypeptides bound to either FAD or FMN

Cytochromes

Contain heme groups bearing Fe or Cu metal ions

Three cooper atoms

Located within a single protein complex and alternate between Cu2+/Cu3+

Ubiquinone

Lipid-soluble molecule made of 5-carbon isoprenoid units

Iron-sulfur proteins

Contain Fe in association with inorganic sulfur

Sequence of carriers determined by use of ____________

inhibitors

Electron Transport Complex 1

Catalyzes transfer of electrons from NADH to ubiquinone and transports four H+ per pair

Electron Transport Complex 2

Catalyzes transfer of electrons from succinate to FAD to ubiquinone without transport of H+

Electron Transport Complex 3

Catalyzes the transfer of electrons from ubiquinone to cytochrome c and transports 4 H+ per pair

Electron Transport Complex 4

Catalyzes transfer of electrons to O2 and transports H+ across the inner membrane

Cytochrome oxidase

Large complex that adds 4 electrons to O2 to form 2 molecules of H20

Two components of the proton gradient

  • Concentration gradient between matrix and intermembrane space creates a pH gradient
  • Energy present in both components of the gradients is proton-motive force

Structure of ATP synthase

  • The F1 particle is the catalytic subunit, and contains 3 catalytic sites for ATP synthesis
  • The F0 particle attaches to the F1 and is embedded in the inner membrane
  • The F0 base contains a channel throgh which protons are conducted from the intermembrane space to the matrix

Binding change mechanism states the following:

  • Movement of protons through ATP synthase alters the binding affinity of the active site
  • Each active site goes through distinct conformations that have different affinities for substrates and product
  • There is a structural basis of catalyic site conformation

Peroxisomes

Membrane-bound vesicles that contain oxidative enzymes

Plants contain a special peroxisome called _______________, which can convert fatty acids to glucose by germinating seedlings

glyoxysome

Glycolysis ATPs:


  1. ATP Used = 2 ATP
  2. ATP Substrate Level = 4 ATP
  3. ATP oxidative phosphorylation (NADH) = 4 ATP


Total ATP (gross) = ?


Net ATP = ?


Total ATP (Gross) = 8


Net ATP = 8 - 2 = 6

Pyruvate to Acetyle Coenzyme A:


Per glucose 2 NADH made = ?

6 ATP

For 1 turn of the Krebs cycle:

  1. ATP substrate level = 1 ATP
  2. NADH 3 made 3x3 = 9 ATP
  3. FADH2 1 made 2x1 = 2 ATP
  4. Total = 12 ATP per turn of Krebs
  5. Total per glucose 2 turns 2x12 = 24 per glucose

Total ATP from 1 glucose:

  1. Glycolysis = 6 ATP
  2. Pyruvate Acetyl CoA = 6 ATP
  3. Krebs = 24 ATP
  4. Total ATP one glucose = 36 ATP

Fatty Acid Cycle (Beta Oxidation) of 20 carbon fatty acid

  1. 20 carbon length need 9 cuts to make 10 acetyle CoA
  2. Each cut 1 NADH and 1 FADH2:
  3. 9 NADH x 3ATP per NADH = 27 ATP
  4. 9 FADH2 x 2ATP per FADH2 = 18 ATP
  5. Total = 45 ATP per 20 carbon fatty acid
  6. 10 acetyle CoA produced each enters Krebs and produces 12 ATP
  7. 12 ATP per turn of Krebs x 10 Acetyl CoA = 120 ATP
  8. Total ATP Beta Oxidation of 20 carbon fatty acid = 165 ATP