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31 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Screening |
the presumptive identification of unrecognized disease or defects by the application of tests, examinations, or other procedures that can be applied rapidly |
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Multiphasic screening |
The use of two or more screening tests together among large groups of people |
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Mass screening |
screening on a large scale of total population groups regardless of risk status |
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Selective screening |
Screens subset of the population at HIGH RISk for disease |
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Population or Epidemiological surveys |
Purpose is to gain knowledge regarding the distribution and determinants of diseases in selected populations |
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Epidemiological surveillance |
Aims at the protection of community health through case detecting and intervention |
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Case finding |
- opportunistic screening -The utilization of screening tests for detection of conditions unrelated to the patients chief complaint |
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Appropriate situations for screening tests and programs |
- social -scientific -ethical |
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Characteristics of a good screening test |
-Rapid - Simple - Inexpensive - Safe -Appropriate |
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Reliability |
The ability of a measuring instrument to give consistent results on repeated trails |
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Repeated measurement reliability |
The degree of consistency among repeated measurements of the same individual on more than one occasion |
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Internal consistency reliability |
- The degree of agreement or homogeneity within a quesitonnaire measure of an attitude, personal characteristic, or psychological attitude |
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Interjudge reliability |
Reliability assessments derived from agreement among trained experts |
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Content validity |
The degree to which the measurement incorporates the domain of the phenomenon under study |
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Criterion- referenced validity |
Found by correlating a measure with and external criterion of the entity being assessed |
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Predictive validity |
Denotes the ability of a measure to predict some attribute or characteristic in the future |
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Concurrent validity |
Obtained by correlating a measure with an alternative measure of the same phenomenon taken at the same point in time |
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Construct validity |
Degree to which the measurement agrees with the theoretical concept being investigated |
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Measurement bias |
Constant errors that are introduced by a faulty measuring device and tend to reduce the reliability of measurements |
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Halo effect |
- the influence upon an observation of the observers perception of the characteristics of the individual observed - Ex: a health care provider’s tendency to rate a patients sexual behaivor use in a particular manner, based on a general opinion about a patients characteristics without obtaining specific information about past sexual behavior |
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Social desirability effects |
Respondant answers questions in a manner that agrees with desirable social norms |
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What happens when the prevalence of a disease falls |
- the predictive value (+) falls - the predictive value (-) rises |
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to improve sensitivity |
The cut point used to classify individuals as diseased should be moved farther in the range of the non diseased (normals) |
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to improve specificity |
- the cut point should be moved farther in the range typically associated with the disease |
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Ecologic time trend studies |
Compare geographic regions with screening programs to those without |
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Lead time bias |
The perception that the screen detected case has longer survival because the disease was identified early |
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Length bias |
- relevant to cancer screening - Tumors identified by screening are slower growing and have a better prognosis |
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Selection bias |
- Motivated participants have a different probability of disease than do those who refuse to participate |
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Nomenclature |
A highly specific set of terms for describing and recording clinical or pathologic diagnosis to classify ill persons into groups |
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Classification |
- the statistical compilation of groups of cases of disease by arranging disease entries into categories that share similar features |
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Two types of criteria used for the classification of ill persons |
- Causal - Manifestation |
