Chapter 11 - Biological Diversity Final

Front 1

Classification

Back 1

King Phillip Came Over For Good Soup

Front 2

Five kingdoms

Back 2

Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae and Animalia

Front 3

All living things consist of

Back 3

one or more cell

Front 4

Two kinds of cells

Back 4

Eukaryotic cells and prokaryotic cells

Front 5

Eukaryotic Flagella and cilia, when present, are made of the protein __________ arranged in ___________________

Back 5

made of protein tubulins and arranged in "9+2" microtubules arrays

Front 6

Prokaryotic flagella, when present, are made of the __________ protein _________

Back 6

made of globular protein flagellin

Front 7

All living things are classified into three domains -

Back 7

Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya

Front 8

All cells have:

Back 8

Plasma membrane, genetic material in the form of DNA, a mechanism of using RNA and ribosomes to translate genetic material into proteins+enzymes

Front 9

Eukaryotic cells contain

Back 9

chromosomes contains long linear DNA with histones, enclosed nucleus, specialized organelles to isolate metabolic activities 9+2 microtubules array flagella and cilia

Front 10

Prokaryotic cells contain what in them

Back 10

single chromosome in short, circular DNA usually without histones - archaea have histones - may contain plasmids, no nucleus, no organelles, flagella consists of chains of protein flagellin

Front 11

How do flegella get their engery, hint its not from ATP

Back 11

use proton motive force to spin and give locomotion in bacteria (electrical gradient)

Front 12

Saprobes (saprophytes)

Back 12

decomposers - obtain energy from dead, decaying matter

Front 13

Obligate aerobes

Back 13

must have O2 to live

Front 14

Obligate anaerobes

Back 14

require absent of O2

Front 15

Facultative anaerobes

Back 15

grow in presence of O2, but can switch to anaerobic metabolism when O2 is absent

Front 16

What are the two domains that carry prokaryotes are?

Back 16

Archaea (archaebacteria) and bacteria

Front 17

Domain Archaea, are they the same as bacteria

Back 17

are prokaryotes but differ from bacteria

Front 18

What are archaea cell walls made of?

Back 18

polysaccharides

Front 19

How do archaea differ from bacteria and eukaryotes

Back 19

Archaeal cell walls contain various polysaccharides but not peptidoglycan (like bacteria), cellulose (like plants), or chitin (like fungi)

Archaeal plasma membranes contain phospholipids that differ from the phospholipids of bacteria and eukaryotes

Front 20

How are the phospholipids different?

Back 20

glycerol is different (isomer of bacteria/euk), and the hydrocarbon chain (fatty acid) is branched (rather than straight chain) with ether linkages instead of ester linkages

Front 21

are Archaea similar to eukaryotes or bacteria?

Back 21

Similar to eukaryotes

Front 22

How are archaea similar to eukaryotes?

Back 22

DNA of both archaea and eukaryotes are associated with histones; NOT bacterial DNA

Ribosomes activity is not inhibited by antibiotic strptomycin and chloraphenicol unlike bacteria

Front 23

Two groups of Archaea

Back 23

Methanogens and Extremophiles

Front 24

Methanogens

Back 24

Obligate anaerobes that produce CH4 as by-product of obtaining energy from H2, to fix CO2

Front 25

Extremophiles

Back 25

live in extreme conditions

Front 26

Halophiles

Back 26

salt lover - high salt environment

Front 27

Thermophiles

Back 27

heat lover - are sulfur based chemoautotrophs in very hot places

Front 28

How do antibiotics work?

Back 28

By disabling ribosome activity and disrupting proteins synthesis - affects cell wall

In bateria - ribosome activity is inhibited by these antibiotics

Front 29

What kind of environment do archaea live in

Back 29

Extreme - very salty, very hot, very acidic

Front 30

How does the DNA of eukaryotes and Archaea relate?

Back 30

Introns are present in the genes of eukaryotes and some archaea, but are absent in bacteria

Front 31

Domain Bacteria: differ from archaea and eukaryotes by

Back 31

Their cell wall - peptidoglycan = polymer of monosaccharides with amino acids

bacteria DNA is not associated with histones

ribosome activity is inhibited by antibiotics - streptomycin and chloramphenicol

Front 32

Cyanobacteria

Back 32

photosynthetic, using cholorphyll a to capture light energy, using CO2, splitting H2O, and rleasing O2 as do plant

Also fix inorganic Nitrogen and convert it into ammonia, which can then be used from making nitrogen-containing amino acids and nucleotides

Front 33

Cyanobacteria have the ability to produce?

Back 33

Endospores - resistant bodies that contain DNA and small amount of cytoplasm surrounded by durable wall

Front 34

How do they move?

Back 34

means of motility - flagella - corkscrew motion

Front 35

How are their shapes?

Back 35

cocci (spherical), bacilli (rod-shaped), spirilla/spirochetes (spirals)

Front 36

Gram-positive is composed of

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thick peptidolycan cell wall

Front 37

Gram-negative is composed of

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Think peptidoglycan covered with lipopolysaccharides (additional outer layer)

Front 38

Another name for cyanobacteria?

Back 38

Blue-green algae

Front 39

Chemoautotrophs (Chemosynthetic)

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autotrophs - some are nitrifying bacteria that convert nitrite (NO2-) to nitrate (NO3-)

Front 40

Nitrogen-fixing bacteria

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convert N2 to NH3, through high energy

these bacterias live in nodules of plant roots (mutualism)

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Spirochetes

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coiled bacteria that move with corkscrew motion

Front 42

Heterotrophic bacteria

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the bacteria in our guts - mutualistic relationships

Front 43

Domain Eukarya have four kingdoms....

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Protista, Fungi, Plantae and Animalia

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Kingdom Protista

Back 44

unicellular eukaryotes; membrane bound nucleus and organelles

organisms may be algae-like, animal-like, fungus-like, unicellular or multicellular

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Protozoa ('little animal") (animal-like)

Back 45

protists are all heterotrophs

They consume either living cells or dead organic matter

Front 46

Rhizopoda

Back 46

amoebas that move by extensions of their cell body called pseudopodia

Front 47

How does pseudopodia work?

Back 47

encircling food, phagocytosis

Front 48

Foraminifera

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aka forams, have tests (shells) usually made of calcium carbonate

Front 49

Apicomplexans

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parasites of animals - apical complex 0 complex of organeeles located at an end of cell (apex)

no physical movement

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ciliates

Back 50

use cilia for moving

specialized structures - mouths, pores, contractile vacuoles (h2o balance)

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Amoebas structure

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shapeless and unicellular

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Algae-like (plant-like) protists

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members of the protista all obtain energy by photosynthesis. All have chlorophyll a but many have other chlorophylls

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Fungus like protists

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resemble fungi because they form either filaments or spore-bearing bodies similar to the fungi

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Fungus-like protists

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resemble fungus

Front 55

cellular slim mold -

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funguslike and protozoalike charactersitics - spores germinate into amoebas which feed on bacteria - when no food amoebas aggregate into single unit slug

thier stimulus if secretion of cAMP when they first experince food depravation

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Plasmodial slime molds

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grow as single, spreading mass (plasmodium) feeding on decaying vegetation - when no food - stalks bearing spore capsules form - haploid spores released from capsule germinate into haploid amoboid cells that fuse to form diplod cells grow into plasmodium

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Oomycota

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water molds, milders, white rust; either parasites or saprobes (from nonliving things)

form filaments (hyphae) which screte enzymes that digest surrounding substances like fungi do

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What are oomycota cell walls made of

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Cellulose rather than chitin of fungi

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Oomycota lack what

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lacks septa - cross wall which is in true fungi

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Algae-like plant like

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members of protista all obtain energy by photosynthesis

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What do all algaeilike plant like protisa have

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chlorophyll a and some have other types with other acessory pigments

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Euglenoids

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one to three flagella at apical end - instead of cellulose cell walls have thin, protein strips called pellicles that wrap over cell membrane

Front 63

Euglenoids have eyespots that permits then to photoaxis which is what

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ability to move in response to light

Front 64

Dinoflagellates

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have two flagella: one in posterior and second is in encircling mid groove perpidicular to first flagellum

Front 65

Diatoms

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have tests (shells) that fit together like a box with a lid- contain silica (SiO2)

Front 66

Brown algae

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multicelluar and have flagellated sperm cells

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Rhodophyta

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Red algae - red pigment phycobilins

multicellular and gametes do not have flagella

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Chlorophyta

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green algae - have both chlorophyll a and b,

cellulose cell walls - store engery in starch

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Chlorophyta gamete differences

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isoganous - sperm/egg same size

anisoganmous - sperm/egg different size

oogamous - larger egg

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Kingdom Fungi

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Eukaryotes, multicellular, heterotrophs

parasitic or saprophytic

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What are some examples of fungi

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yeast, lichen, mushroom,

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How do fungi reproduce

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sexually (haploid adults)

asexually - spore formation, budding

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How do fungi grow?

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Fungi grow as fulaments (hyphae), Mycellium is a mass of hyphae

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What are septum in fungi

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some fungi have septum which divide filaments into compartments containing sigle nucleus

Front 75

What are fungi cell walls made of

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Chitin - N-containing polysaccharides

Front 76

What are fungi without septum called?

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Coenocytic

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What are the sexual stages of fungi?

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fungi are 1* haploid but form temporary diploid structures for sexual reporduction

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Plasmogamy

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fusing of cells from two different fungal strains to prduce single cell with nuceli of both strains

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A pair of haploid nuclei, one from each strain (with nuclei of both strains) is called

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dikaryon

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Dikaryotic hypha is

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is a hypha containing dikaryon

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Karyogamy

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is the fusing of two haplod nuceli of a dikaryon to form single diploid nucleus

Front 82

What does the meiosis for diploid fungi do?

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meiosis of diplod nucleus restores the haploid conditions

daughter cells form into haploid spores which germinate into haplod hyphae which merge into dikaryon and repeat

Front 83

How do fungi asexually reproduce

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fragmentation (breaking up hyphae)

budding (small hyphal outgrowth)

asexual spores

Front 84

Sporangiospores

Back 84

produce in sac-like capsules (sporangia) that are each borne on a stalk called sporangiophore

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Conidia

Back 85

formed at tips of specialzed hyphae, not enclosed inside sac

hyphae bearing conidia called conidiophores

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Six fugus groups -

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suffix - mycota or mycete, used interchangably

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Zygomycota

Back 87

lack septa, except filaments bordering reproductive filaments

reproduce sexually by fusion of hyphae from different strains, followed by plasmogamy, karyogamy, meiosis

produce zygospores - germinate into new hyphae

Front 88

Gilomeromycota

Back 88

lack septa, do not produce zygospores, mutualism with roots of plants

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Ascomycota

Back 89

have septa, reproduce sexually by producing haploid ascospores

After plasmogamy of hyphae from different strains, dikaryotic hypha produce more filaments by mitosis; karyogamy and meiosis ocurs in terminal hyphal make 4 haploid cells mitosis to produce 8 haploid ascospores in a sac called ascus

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Basidiomycota

Back 90

septa, reproduce sexually by producing haploid basidiospores

plasmogamy - mitosis fruiting body such as mushroom

Karyogamy occurs in terminal hyphal cells called basidia follwed by meiosis to produce 4 haploid basidiospores

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Deuteromycota

Back 91

imperfect fungi, artifical group - no sexual reproduction cycle

Front 92

Lichen

Back 92

mutualistic association b/w fungi and algae

Also provide nitrogen if algae is nitrogen-fixing

fungus provides water and protection from environment

Front 93

Explain plasmogamy and karyogamy

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plasmogamy - esentially makes a cell with nuclei of both fungal strains that then are called a dikaryon

a dikaryon is haploid and when two come together it makes a diploid nucleus cell

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The meiosis of that diploid cell does what

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will bring back haploid cell which is now a haplod spores which can germinate into haploid hyphae - which has one fungal strain only

which can now merge into a dikaryon and fuse with another dikaryon to become a diploid cell

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The Deuteromycota is a fungi that produces waht

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the peniceillium fungi produces penicillin

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Kingdom Plantae

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All plants are multicellular

all plants are autotrophs

all plants are rooted in the ground

differentiation of tissue

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adaptation for survival on land:

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dominate generation is diploid sporophytes generation except for bryophytes which is gametophytes generation

provide two copies against genetic damage

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adaptation for survival on land: Cuticle

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waxy covering that reduces deciccation (drying up/water loss)

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adaptation for survival on land: Vascular system

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Reduced dependency on water - formation of specialized tissue

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What are the specialized tissues for plants

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True leaves - centers for photosynthesis

true stems - suppport leaves

true roots - acquire water/anchor plants

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What are the two groups of vascular tissue?

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Xylem (water transport) and phloem (sugar transport)

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primitive plant division vs advanced divison

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primitive - flagellates sperm require water to swim in eggs

advanced - sperm is packed in pollen (wind) - coniferophyta and anthophyta

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Anthophyta -

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gametophytes are enclosed (protected) inside ovary

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Adaptations in coniferophyta and anthophyta

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if seasonal variation in availability of water and light - some are deciduous ( shed their leaves to protect water loss through the seasons)

Front 105

List of plant divisions - have greater adaptation to survive on land

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List of plant divisions - have greater adaptation to survive on land -

Bryophytes

Tracheophyta

Coniferophyta

Anthophyta

Front 106

What is the dominate haploid stages of life cycle for bryophytes?

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Gametophytes - gametes are produced in gametangia (protected structure) on gameotophytes

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bryophytes: Antheridium produce

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male gametangium - produces flagellates perm that swim through water

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bryophytes: Archegonium produce

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(female) produces egg

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bryophytes: Zygote grows into diploid structures - still connected to gametophytes which is anchored by?

Back 109

Rhizoids rather than roots

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What are included in bryophytes?

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Mosses, liverworts and hornworts

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bryophytes: are mosses primitive or or advanced division?

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Primitive division

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bryophytes: What do bryophytes lack?

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NO xylem (so lack support of water transport)

Lack true roots, leaves and stems

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bryophytes: Which is dominant generation? Sporophytes develops into?

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simple plants; must live in moist places; gametophyte is dominant; sporophyte develops into archegonium;

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bryophytes: Because they lack Xylem what must they be near by?

Back 114

Must be near water

Front 115

bryophytes: Liverworts

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leaf-like plant; consists of lower part (rhizoids), middle part (foodstorage), upper part (photosynthetic)

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What are tracheophytes?

Back 116

vascular plants - true roots, leaves, stems

germination of antheridium + archegonium (swim) produce diploid zygote into sporophytes ( dominate generation)

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What kind of symmertry do tracheophytes have?

Back 117

radial symmetry

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tracheophytes include?

Back 118

Psilophytes

Lycophyta

Sphenophytes

Pterophyta

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Lycophyta

Back 119

club mosses, spike mosses and quillworths

clube and spike mosses produce clusters of spore-bearing sporangia in conelike structure stobili

Front 120

Pterophyta - what are the three groups

Back 120

Ferns, horsetails and whisk ferns

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Pterophyta: ferns

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produce clusters of sporangia called sori that develop on undersurface of fern fronts (meiosis -> spores)

many vascular bundles

sperm are flagellated

grow from rhizomes

sporangium is under leaves

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Division Coniferophyta and division anthophyta both produce what

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these two plant divisions produce seeds

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Microsporangia

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produces microspores - male spores

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Macrosporagnia

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produce macrospores - female spores

Front 125

Microsporangia seed plant reproduction

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prodcues numerous microspores mother cell, which divide by meiosis to produce 4 haploid cells (microspores-males) -> mature into pollen grains (represent gametophyte generation) which divides into three cells (in flowering plants) or 4 cells (in conifers)

One is vegetative cell that controls growth of pollen tube, others=sperms

Front 126

Megasporangium seed plant reproduction

Back 126

celled nucellus produces megaspore mother cell -> meiosis -> 4 haploids cells, one survies to become megaspore (female gametophye generation).

Megaspores -> mitosis -> one egg (in flowering plants) or two eggs (in confers)

One/two tissue layers (integuments) surrounds megasporangium.

ovule (integument +nucellus + megaspore daughter cells)

Micropyle - is opening through integuments for pollen access to egg

Front 127

One pollen grain contains megasporangium

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tube cell of sperm directs growth of pollen tube through the micropyle and toward egg => fertilization (zygote) => embryo (beginning of sporophyte generation); integument - seed coat

Front 128

Coniferophyta aka

Back 128

gymnosperms (naked-seeds)

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Coniferophyta are what

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cone bearing (pines, fir, spruces, junipers, redwood, cedars)

Front 130

pollen bearing male + ovule-bearing female cones - seeds produce in unprotected megaspores near surface of reproductive structures. Ferlization and seed developmnt are lengthy

what is this

Back 130

Coniferophyta

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Anthophyta aka

Back 131

angiosperms

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Angiosperms are what bearing

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flower-bearing plants, dominate land plant form

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Major parts of flower are

Back 133

pistal, stamen, and petals

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Pistil

Back 134

female reproductive structures

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pistil parts are

Back 135

ovary (egg-bearing), style and stigma

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Stament

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male reproductive structures - pollen-bearing anther and stalk and filament

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Petals

Back 137

function to attract pollinators

Front 138

Major evolutionary advancements for angiosperms

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attracts pollinators (insects + birds)

ovule protected inside ovary which develop into fruit => dispersal of seeds by wind or other animals

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Process of fertilization

Back 139

1. pollen lands on sticky stigma (female). pollen tube that contains vegetative nucleus grows down the style towards ovule; two sperm cells inside ovule

2. ovule within ovary (contains megaspore mother cells surrounding nucellus +integuments). Megaspore mother cell => (meiosis) 4 haploid megaspores - one survived - mitosis 3x - 8 nuclei -> 6 nuclei undergoes cytokinesis and form plasma membranes (embryo sac). at the mircopyle of embryo sac are 3 cells ( egg + 2 synergids). at other end micropyle are 3 antipodals cells. in middle are polar nuclei (2 haploid cells)

3. pollen tube (2 sperm cells) enters embryo sac through micropyle; 1 sperm cell fertilizes egg (form diploid zygote); nucleus of 2nd sperm fuses with both polar nuclei -> triploid (3N) nucleus -> mitosis -> endosperm (provide nutrient). double fertilization is fertilization of egg and polar nuclei each by a separate sperm

Front 140

Kingdom anamilia have what in common

Back 140

multicellular, motile, heterotrophic organisms with different tissues, most have bilater systems, all employ some form of locomotion

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Tissue complexity type

Back 141

eumetazoa - cells organized into tissues

diplobasltic- layers of tissue - encto, endo, meso

parazoa - cells not organized into tissues

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body symmetry two types they have

Back 142

radial symmetry - one orietnation front and back

bilateral symmetry - ventral-bottom, head-anterior, tail-posterior

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Cephalization

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in animals with bilateral symmetry have greater complexity of nerve tissue as complexity increases

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Gastrovascular cavity

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guts - one opening sacline, limited processes

two opening, specialized activities as food traveling through

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Coelom - and purpose

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more advanced animals develop this cavity derived from mesoderm - fluid-filled coelom cushions internal organs - shock absorption

Front 146

Acoelomated animals

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lack coelom

Front 147

pseudocoelomate animals

Back 147

have a cavity but not completely lined by mesoderm derived tissue

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Segmentation

Back 148

sometimes repetitive and sometimes specialized - arthropods, annilids, chordates

Front 149

Protostomes vs Deuterostomes

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Protostomes- Spiral Cleavage, Blastopore develops into the Mouth and they have Determinate cleavage

Deuterostomes- Radial Cleavage, Blastopore develops into the Anus and they have Indeterminate cleavage.

Front 150

Archenteron

Back 150

the primitive gut tht forms during gastrulation in the developing blastula. Its develops into the digestive tract of an animal; its opening either will be mouth or anus

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Whose blastopore develops into the mouth, give two examples

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Protostomes - mollusks and annelids

Front 152

Whose blastopore develops into teh anus, give two exampels

Back 152

chordates and echinoderm

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Porifera ex

Back 153

sponges

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Porifera features

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feed by filtering water through sponge wall of flagellated cells

water exits through osculum opening

Choanocytes pass food to amoebycytes - digestion and distribute nutrients

sponge wall contain spicules

sessile (fixed)

two layers of cells

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Cnidaria ex

Back 155

hydrozoans (hydra), jellyfish, sea anemones, coral

Front 156

Cnidaria features

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didgestive sac sealed at one end

net nerve

two layers of cells

radial symmetry

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Cnidaria two body forms

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medusa - floating, umbrella- shaped body with tentacles

polyp- sessile cylinder-shaped with rising tentacles

some alternate between during medusa/polyp their life cycle

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Platyhelminthes -

Back 158

flat worms

Front 159

Platyhelminthes symmtery

Back 159

bilateral symmetry

Front 160

How many layers of cells platyhelminthes

Back 160

3- layers of cells (solid mesoderm)

Front 161

Do platyhelminthes have circulatory system

Back 161

NO

Front 162

platyhelminthes NS consists of

Back 162

eyes, anterior brain ganglion and longitudinal nerve chord

Front 163

platyhelminthes acolemates or colemates

Back 163

acoelomates

Front 164

platyhelminthes three types

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free-living flatworms, flukes, and tapeworms

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Free living flatworms -

Back 165

planarians-carnivores in marines or freshwater

Front 166

Flukes

Back 166

are internal animals parasites/external parasites that suck tissue fluids/blood

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Tapeworms

Back 167

are internal parasites that often live in digestive tract of vertebrates

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Nematoda

Back 168

round worms

Front 169

Nematoda coelom type

Back 169

pseudocoelmate with complete digestive tract

Front 170

Nematoda food source

Back 170

free-living soil dwellers help decompose and recyle nutrients (ingested via incompletely cooked meat

Front 171

Nematoda layers of cells?

Back 171

3 cell layers with solid mesoderm

Front 172

Nematoda have circulatory system?

Back 172

NO

Front 173

Nematoda NS

Back 173

nerve cords and nerve ring

Front 174

Rotifera

Back 174

multicellular with specialized organs enclosed in pseudocoelom, complete digestive tract; filter feeder

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Mollusca ex

Back 175

snail, octopus, squids, bivalves (2 poart shells with clams and mussels

Front 176

The two classes of mollusca are?

Back 176

gastropoda and cephalopoda

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Mollusca - Octopus NS?

Back 177

highly devloped NS with complex brain

Front 178

Mollusks have whate kind of tissue?

Back 178

colomate bodies, complete digiestive tract

Front 179

Mollusk exoskeleton are

Back 179

are CaCO3

Front 180

Class gastropoda ex

Back 180

largest mollusk class, slugs and snails

Front 181

How many shells do gastropoda have

Back 181

single shell

Front 182

Class cephalopda ex

Back 182

octopus and squids

Front 183

Cephalopoda circulatrory system

Back 183

closed circulatory system

Front 184

Cephalopoda O2 demand and NS?

Back 184

high O2 demand and giant nerve fibers

Front 185

Bivalvia ex

Back 185

claims, mussels, scallops and oysters

Front 186

Annelida are?

Back 186

earthworms like leeches

Front 187

What are their body tissue for annelida?

Back 187

posses coeloms

Front 188

What is considered "true body cavity"

Back 188

coeloms - have mesoderm

Front 189

How are their circ, nervs. exrec. system?

Back 189

well defined systems include nervous, circulatory and excretory

Front 190

Arthropoda ex

Back 190

spiders, insects and crustaceans

Front 191

Arthtropoda features (circ., skeletal, NS,etc)

Back 191

joint appendages, chitinous exoskeleton and open circulatory system (sinuses), well-developed nervous sytem

Front 192

Insects

Back 192

three pairs of legs, spiracles, tracheal tube for breathing

Front 193

Arachnids

Back 193

four pairs of legs and "book lungs"

Front 194

Two kinds of life cycles for arthrpoda

Back 194

nymphs - small version of adults

larvae- maggots specialzed for eating and undergo metamorphosis

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Crusteacean

Back 195

segmented body with variable number of appendages and have gills

Front 196

Crusteacean ex

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crab, shrimp, lobster, crayfish and barnacles `

Front 197

Echinodermata ex

Back 197

sea stars, urchin, sand dollars

have regeneration

Front 198

Echindodermata symmetry

Back 198

radial symmertry

Front 199

How are their body tissue, echinodermata

Back 199

coleomate deuterostomes

Front 200

echinodertmata DI system?

Back 200

complete digestive system

Front 201

How are their symmetry when younger vs adult

Back 201

adults have radial symmetry but are bilateral when young

Front 202

Chordates - most simple and most complex

Back 202

lancelets more simple

vertebrates most complex

Front 203

Chordates have four main features

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notochord

dorsal hollow nerve chord

pharyngeal gill slits

muscular tails

Front 204

Notochord

Back 204

provides dorsal, flexible rod that functions as support;

Front 205

Vertebrate vs invertebrate notochord

Back 205

Invertebrate - it becomes nucleus pulposus of intervertebral disc

vertebrates - replaced by bone during development in most veretbrates

Front 206

Dorsal hollow nerve chord

Back 206

forms basis of nervous system - some it becomes brain and spinal cord

Front 207

Pharyngeal gill slits

Back 207

provide channels across pharynx to outside body

slits become gills for O2 or filtering-fedding

slits dissapear during embroyonic development in others

Front 208

What do the phartngeal gills become in fish and mammals

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fish - gill pouch -> fish gils

mammals - gill pouch -> eustachian tubes in the ears

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Muscular tail

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such tail is lost during emyronic devlopment in humans

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Two groups of chordates

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inverterbrates and vertebrates

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Invertebrates ex

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lancelets and tunicates

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Vertebrates ex

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Fish > Amphibians > Reptiles > Birds > Mammals)

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Fish categories

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Jawless

cartilaginous

bony

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Fish hearts

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2 chambered hearts

gills

external fertilization

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jawless fish ex

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retain notochord - lampray and hagfish

primitive (agnatha)

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Cartilaginous fish

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jaws and teeth; reduced notochord - sharks

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Chondrichthys

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sharks

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Bony fish

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most prevalent - lack notochord

ex trouts

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are sharks fish?

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Yes

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Osteichthys are?

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bony fish

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Amphibia ex

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frogs, tods, salimaders

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Amphibia larval stage vs adult stage

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larval stage (tadpole) has gills, tail and no legs

adult have legs

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amphibia heart?

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3 chambered hearts

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Amphibia fertilization type

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external fertilization

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Amphibia eggs are....

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laid in water with jelly-like secretion

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Order of origination for vertebrates (evoluttionary)

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Fish > Amphibians > Reptiles > Birds > Mammals)

order of how they can about

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Birds are direct descendents of

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reptiles

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reptiles are direct descendants of

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amphibians

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Reptiles hearts?

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3-chambered hearts

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Do reptiles have lungs

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yes

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Reptiles ectotherms or endotherms

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ecotherms

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What kind of eggs do reptiles

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leathery eggs

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are reptiles cold blooded?

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Yes

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How is the fertilization of reptiles

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internal fertilization

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crocodiles and alligators have how many chambered hearts

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4-chambered hearts

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Birds - warm or cold blooded

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Warm blooded

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Bird - hearts?

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4-chambered hearts

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Mammals - ectotherms or endotherms

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endotherms

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mammals cold or warm blooded

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warm blooded

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how do mammals feed their offsprings

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feed offsprings with milk from mammillary glands

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mammal types

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monotremes

marsupials

placental mammals

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Monotremes

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a) leathery eggs, horny bills,milk glands but no nipples

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montremes examples

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Ex: duckbill platypus and spiny anteater

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Marsupials

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pouched animals.

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marsupial ex

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kangaroo, opossum

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how does the embryo develop for marsupial

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Embryo begins development in uterus and completes while attached tonipples in pouch

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Placental mammals- ex

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bat, whale, mouse, and man

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How does the embryo devlop for placental mammals

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a) embryos develop fully inuterus; placenta attaches embryo directly to uterine wall and provides forfood, oxygen, and waste exchange