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56 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Distribution of the DNA into the two new cells |
segregation |
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Separation of the two new cells by a plasma membrane or cell wall (in plants)
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Cytokinesis
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Signal to initiate cell division. Signal can be from inside or outside the cell |
Reproductive signal |
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Nuclear division process that maintains the chromosome number; basis of body growth, tissue repair and replacement in multicellular eukaryotes
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Mitosis
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Nuclear division process that halves the chromosome number -1/2 the DNA of each parent
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Meiosis
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The period between cell divisions, divided into mitosis/cytokinesis and interphase
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Cell cycle
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Interval between mitotic divisions when a cell grows, roughly doubles the number of its cytoplasmic components, and replicates its DNA
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Interphase
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Interval of synthesis (DNA replication)
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S phase
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Cell cycle arrest, cell is no longer dividing
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G0
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Enzyme that catalyzes phosphorylation from ATP to a protein, it adds a phosphate group to the substrate
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Protein kinase
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Act at cell cycle checkpoints to regulate progress
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Cyclin-cdk
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External chemical signals that stimulate cells to divide
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Growth factors
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DNA molecule is complexed with proteins to form dense
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Chromatin
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Type of protein that structurally organizes eukaryotic chromosomes
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Histones
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One of two attached members of a duplicated eukaryotic chromosome
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Sister chromatid
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Cells having two of each type of chromosome characteristic of the species (2n) = 46
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Diploid
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Two members of a pair of chromosomes with the same length, shape, and genes
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Homologous
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Constricted region in a eukaryotic chromosome where sister chromatids are attached
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Centromere
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Members of a pair of chromosomes that differ between males and females
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Sex chromosomes
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Paired chromosomes with the same length, shape, centromere location, and genes
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Autosomes
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Image of an individual’s complement of chromosomes arranged by size, length, shape, and centromere location
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Karyotype
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specialized structures develop in the centromere regions, are important for chromosome movement
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Kinetochore
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Band of actin and myosin filaments that contracts to form the cleavage furrow
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Contractile ring
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Reproductive mode by which offspring arise from two parents and inherit genes from both – ½ mother + ½ father
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Meiosis
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Forms of a gene that encode slightly different versions of the gene’s product; basis of traits
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Alleles
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Mature, haploid reproductive cell
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Gamete
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Having one of each type of chromosome characteristic of the species – 23 chromosomes
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Haploid
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Body cells not specialized for reproduction – every other cell of the body aside from the reproductive cells (sperm/ovum)
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Somatic cells
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2 nuclear divisions but DNA is replicated only once
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Meiosis
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Homologous chromosomes exchange corresponding segments during prophase I of meiosis
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Crossing over
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The fusion of two haploid gamete nuclei restoring the parental chromosome number in the zygote (the first cell of the new individual)
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Fertilization
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Homologous pairs fail to separate at anaphase I; sister chromatids fail to separate, or homologous chromosomes may not remain together
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Nondisjunction
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Cell is damaged or starved for oxygen or nutrients. The cell swells and bursts
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Necrosis
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Diploid (2n) cell formed by fusion of gametes
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Zygote
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genetically programmed cell death
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apoptosis
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crowded cells stop dividing
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Density-dependent inhibition
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must be attached to a substratum in order to divide
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Anchorage-dependence
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tumors resemble the tissue they grow from, grow slowly, and remain localized
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Benign
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proteins are positive regulators of cancer cells
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Oncogene
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negative regulators in both cancer and normal cells, but in cancer cells they are inactive
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Tumor suppressors
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the study of genes and their transmission from one generation to the next
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Genetics
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DNA sequences that contain instructions for building proteins
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Gene
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the physical location of a gene on a chromosome
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Locus
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two identical alleles at a particular locus
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Homozygous
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two different alleles at a particular locus
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Heterozygous
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an individual’s complete set of alleles; the genetic coding of a particular trait in an organism
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Genotype
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observable physical and functional traits; the physical appearance/expression of a given trait in an organism
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Phenotype
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Refers to an allele that masks the effect of a recessive allele paired with it
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Dominant
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allele that is not expressed when paired with a dominant allele; expressed only when paired with another recessive allele
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Recessive
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Cross in which individuals with different alleles of a gene are crossed; Dominant trait will have a 3:1 phenotype ratio
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Monohybrid cross
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Refers to two alleles that are both fully expressed in heterozygous individuals
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Co-dominant
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Condition in which one allele is not fully dominant over another
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Incomplete dominance
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Effect in which a trait is influenced by the products of multiple genes
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Epistasis
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Refers to a gene whose product influences multiple traits
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Pleiotropy
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An uncommon version of a heritable trait that does not result in medical problems
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Genetic abnormality
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A heritable condition that results in a syndrome of mild or severe medical problems
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Genetic disorder |
