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45 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Pulmonary respiration |
The ventilation and exchange of games 02 and co2 in the lungs |
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Celluar respiration |
Relates to utilization and c02 production by the tissues |
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The primary purpose of the respiratory system is to provide a means of gas exchange between the atmosphere and the cells of the body |
True |
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The two processes that causes the exchange of gases between the blood and the lungs |
Ventilation Diffusion |
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The mechanical process of moving air into and out of the lungs |
Ventilation |
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The random movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration |
Diffusion |
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4 continuous processes of the exchange of respiratory gases between the atmosphere and the cells of the body |
Ventilation ALVEOLAR GAS EXCHANGE CIRCULATORY TRANSPORT SYSTEMIC GAS EXCHANGE |
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The movement of respiratory ga as s between the alveolar region of the lung and the blood The 02 pressure is higher in the lung region, than the blood region causing the diffusion |
Alveolar gas exchange |
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The movement of respiratory gases from the blood into the cells of the body. Pressure differences causes the 02 to diffuse out of the blood to the cells and c02 diffuses from the cells into the venous blood |
Systemic gas exchange |
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The nose Nasal cavity Pharynx Trachea Bronchial tree Lungs |
Organs of the respiratory system |
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Right and left lungs are enclosed by a set of membranes |
Pleura |
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Viseral pleura |
Adheres to the outer surface of the lung |
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Parietal pleura |
Membrant that lines the thoracic walls of the lungs |
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The pressure in the pleural cavity is less than the atmospheric pressure[ intapleural] and becomes even lower during breathing, causing the air from the enviornment to move into the lungs. Why is this important |
It prevents the collapse of the fragile air sacs within the lungs |
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The twomairways leading to and from the lungs |
Conducting zone Respiratory zone |
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Conducting zone consists of |
The trachea I The bronchi I The bronchioles I Terminal bronchitis Serves as a passageway for air, and also filters and humidifies the air as it moves toward the respiratory zone of the lungs |
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The importance of the flat curve of the s shape in the oxyhemoglobinncurve graph |
The decline in arterial p02 comes with aging and upon agent tonhigh altitude. Although it is flat, it allows p02 to still rise deomm90-100 mmhg. Without their being a drop in %Hb02 |
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What factors effect the loading/ unloading of 02 binding to hemoglobin? |
Increase in ph Temperature Rbc levels of 2,3 diphosphoglceric |
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The strength of the bond between 02 and hemoglobin is weekend by a decrease in ph, resulting in increased unloading of 02 to the tissues. Represented by a large right shift in the oxyhemoglobin curve |
Bohr effect H ions bind to hemoglobin reducing 02 capacity |
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Temperature effect on 02- hb dissociation curve |
Higher temperature breaks bons between oxygen and hemoglobin, assisting in the unloading of 02 to working muscle |
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Concentration of 2,3 DPG affects the shape of 02-Hb curve |
Rbc don't contain a nucleus or mitochondria Rely on anaerobic glycolysis to meet the cell's energy needs 2,3 DPG is a byproduct of rbc glycolysis, it binds to hemoglobin, reducing hemoglobin affinity for 02
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2,3 DPG concentrations increase due |
To altitude, and in anemia |
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An oxygen binding protein found in skeletal muscle fibers and cardiac muscle Acts as a shuttle to. Ove 02 from the muscle cell membrane to the mitochondria |
Myoglobin |
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Czrbon dioxide is transported in the blood in three forms |
Dissolved c02 Co2 bound to hemoglobin Bicarbonate |
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A high pc02 causes c02 to combine with water to form |
Carbonic acid, due to enzyme carbonic anhydrous, found in RBCs Carbonic acid dissociate into h ion and bicarbonate ion. The h ions bind to hemoglobin, and bicarbonate diffuses out of the rbc and into the plasma. Bicarbonate carries a negative charge, so when it moves out of the cell with no replacement, there is an electrochemical imbalance. No fear cl- is here, and replaces its position in the rbc, diffusing from the plasma to the rbc.- chloride shift |
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Pulmonary ventilation role in removing h+ from the blood by the HC03 reaction |
Increase in pulmonary ventilation causes exhalation Additional co1 becomes present, and blood pco2 reduces Lowering of h+ ion concentrations |
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An increase in pulmonary ventilation causes exhalation of co2, resulting in a reduction of pc02, and lowering of h+ concentration |
True of pulmonary ventilation |
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The changes in pulmonary ventilation transition from rest to constant load submaximal exercise |
Arterial pressures of pc02 and P02 are unchanged But p02 decreases and pco2 increases in the transition from rest to steady state because there is an increase in alveolar ventilation at the beginning of exercise |
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Prolonged exercise in a hot enviornment |
Ventilation (Ve) tends to drift upward during prolonged work . Due to the increase in blood temperature , which directly controls the respiratory control center Pc02 levels remain unchanged because there is a increase in breathing frequency and dead space ventilation |
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Ventilators threshold |
Ventilation increases as a linear function of oxygen uptake up to 50-75 % of 02 max, where Ventilation begins to rise |
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Alvellar ventilation known as |
Pulmonary ventilation |
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Ventilators regulation at rest |
Inspiration and expiration are produced by the contraction and relaxation of the diaphragm during quiet breathing, and by accessory muscles during exercise |
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Located in the brain stem within two distinct areas |
Medulla oblongata and the pons Breathing comes from the firing of neurons within the brain stem |
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The primary rhythm generating center in the medulla oblongat serving as a stimulus for breathing During exercise, this center interacts with other with other centers to regulate breathing to match the metabolic demand
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PreBotzinger Comples |
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Pneumotaxic center and casual pons |
Rhythm generating centers existing in the pons and are composed of clusters of neurons The interaction between the pacemaker neurons in these regions gives us normal breathing |
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Input to the respiratory control center can be classified by |
Neural and humoral [ bloodborne] types |
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Humoral receptors |
The influence of bloodborne stimuli reaching a specialized chemoreceptor Specialized neurons that are capable of responding to changes in the internal enviornment |
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Central chemoreceptors |
Located in the medulla and are affected by changes in PCO2 and H+ of the cerebrospinal fluid An increase in either PCO2 or H+ of the CSF results in the central chemoreceptors sending afferent input into the respiratory center to increase ventilation |
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Located in the aortic arch and the cartoid artery Respond to increases in arterial H+ CONCENTRATIONS and PCO2 receptors are named based on their location: aortic bodies and cartoid bodies |
Peripheral chemoreceptors |
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How do the central and peripheral chemoreceptors respond to changes in chemical stimuli |
Ve increases as a linear function of arterial PCO2 . This is due to CO2 stimulation of both the cartoid bodies and the central chemoreceptors |
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Exposure to an enviornment with a barometric pressure much lower than that at sea level can decrease p02 and stimulate cartoid bodies to signal the control center to increase ventilation |
True |
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The point of the p02/ve curve where Ve begins to rise rapidly is called the |
Hypoxic threshold Occurs around arterial p02 of 60 to 75 mmHG |
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Cartoid bodies are the most important in breathing |
Following exposure to low p02, they increase the Ve Increase in blood levels of potassium, occurring during exercise, causes cartoid bodies to take action |
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Inputs to the respiratory centers |
Stretch receptors in the lungs Hering- breuer reflex limits the depth of inspiration, and therefore limits the inflation of the lung Ap are generated in the stretch receptors when the lungs are inflated and are passed along to the inspiratory neurons located in the medulla oblongata, signalminhibits inspiration and expiration follows |
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Hering- breur reflex role during exercise |
Limits the size of tidal volume during high intensity exercise |
