Chapter 10: Photosynthesis

Front 1

Autotroph

Back 1

"Self Feeder"

Sustaining oneself without eating anything derived from other living beings

Producers of the biosphere

Front 2

Photoautotroph

Back 2

Organisms that use light as a source of energy to synthesize organic substances.

Front 3

Photosynthesis

Back 3

The process of converting light energy from the sun to chemical energy that is stored in sugar and other organic molecules.

Front 4

Heterotroph

Back 4

"Other Feeding"

Live on compound produced by other organisms

Consumers of the biosphere

Front 5

The major site of photosynthesis in most plants

Back 5

Leaves

Front 6

Carbon dioxide enters the leaf, and oxygen exits, by way of microscopic pores called?

Back 6

Stomata (singular, stoma)

Front 7

Dense fluid that surrounds the thyloakoids?

Back 7

Stroma

Front 8

Organelles responsible for photosynthesis?

Back 8

Chloroplasts

Front 9

Chloroplasts are found mainly in the cells of the

Back 9

Mesophyll

Front 10

Stacks of thylakoid sacs are called?

Back 10

Grana (singular, granum)

Front 11

Pigment that gives leaves their color

Back 11

Chlorophyll

Front 12

Chlorophyll resides in?

Back 12

The thylakoid membranes of the chloroplasts

Front 13

Sacs that segregate the stroma from the space within?

Back 13

Thylakoids

Front 14

Chemical equation of photosynthesis

Back 14

6 CO2 + 12 H2O + Light Energy -> C6H12O6 + 6 O2 + 6 H2O

Front 15

Fates of all atoms in photosynthesis

Back 15

Front 16

Is photosynthesis an exergonic or endergonic reaction?

Back 16

Endergonic

Front 17

During photosynthesis, which atoms are reduced and which are oxidized?

Back 17

The 6 CO2 are reduced to C6H12O6

The 6 H2O are oxidized to 6 O2

Front 18

The two stages of photosynthesis are?

Back 18

Light reactions (photo part) and the Calvin cycle (synthesis part)

Front 19

What occurs during the light rections of photosynthesis?

Back 19

Solar energy is converted to chemical energy

H2O is split, O2 is released as a byproduct

NADP+ is reduced to NADPH

ATP is generated

Front 20

Photophosphorylation

Back 20

Light reactions that generate ATP using chemiosmosis to power the addition of a phosphate group to ADP

Front 21

Carbon fixation

Back 21

The incorporation of CO2 from the air into organic molecules already present in the chloroplast

Front 22

What occurs during the Calvin cycle of photosynthesis?

Back 22

CO2 from the air is incorporated into organic molecules already present in the chloroplast (carbon fixation)

Fixed carbon is reduced to carbohydrate (by NADPH, powered by ATP, from the light reactions)

Front 23

Where do light reactions take place?

Back 23

The thylakoids

Front 24

Where does the Calvin cycle take place?

Back 24

The stroma

Front 25

Which phase produces sugar, the Calvin cycle or the light phases?

Back 25

Calvin cycle

Front 26

What type of energy is light?

Back 26

Electromagnetic energy

Front 27

Wavelength

Back 27

The distance between the crests of electromagnetic waves

Front 28

Electromagnetic spectrum

Back 28

The entire range of radiation

Front 29

Visible light

Back 29

Radiation that can be deteced as visible colors by the human eye (Segment most important to life)

Front 30

Photons

Back 30

Discrete particles

Not tangible objects, but they act like objects in that each of them has a fixed quantity of energy.

Front 31

Shorter wavelengths have ____________ energy

Longer wavelengths have _____________ energy

Back 31

Higher

Lower

Front 32

Pigments

Back 32

Subtances that absorb light

Front 33

The color that we see is the _______ color

Back 33

that is reflected or transmitted (not absorbed)

Front 34

Absorption of all color

Back 34

Black

Front 35

Spectrophotometer

Back 35

A machine that directs beams of light of different wavelengths through a solution of a pigment and measures the fraction of the light transmitted at each wavelength.

Front 36

Absorption spectrum

Back 36

A graph plotting a pigment's light absorption versus wavelength

Front 37

The key light-capturing pigment that participates directly in the light reactions

Back 37

Chlorophyll a

Front 38

Action spectrum

Back 38

Prepared by illuminating chloroplasts with light of different colors and then plotting wavelength against some measure of photosynthetic rate, such as CO2 consumption or O2 release.

Front 39

Carotenoids

Back 39

Hydrocarbons that are various shades of yellow and orange. Responsible for photoprotection: these compounds absorb and dissipate excessive light energy that would otherwise damage chlorophyll or interact with oxygen, forming reactive oxidative molecules that are dangerous to the cell.

Front 40

Explain the isolation of isolated chlorophyll by light

Back 40

Front 41

In their native environment of the thylakoid membrane, chlorophyll molecules are organized along with other small organic molecules and proteins into complexes composed of a reaction-center complex surrounded by several light-harvesting complexes called?

Back 41

Photosystems

Front 42

Reaction-center

Back 42

An organized association of proteins holding a special pair of chlorphyll a molecules

Front 43

Light-harvesting complex

Back 43

Consists of various pigment molecules bound to proteins

Front 44

Primary electron receptor

Back 44

A molecule capable of accepting electrons and becoming reduced

Front 45

Which occurs first Photosystem I or Photosystem II?

Back 45

Photosystem II

Front 46

The reaction-center of chlorophyll a of photosystem II is known as what? Why?

Back 46

P680

This pigment is best at absorbing light having a wavelength of 680 nm

Front 47

The reaction-center of chlorophyll a of photosystem I is known as what? Why?

Back 47

P700

This pigment is best at absorbing light having a wavelength of 700nm

Front 48

Linear electron flow

Back 48

A flow of electrons through the photosystems and other molecular components built into the thylakoid membrane

Front 49

Strongest biological oxidizing agent known?

Back 49

P680+

Front 50

Photosystem II generates?

Photosystem I generate?

Back 50

ATP

NADPH

Front 51

Cyclic electron flow

Back 51

An alternative path in which photoexcited electrons use photosystem I but not photosystem II

Front 52

Chloroplasts and mitochondia generate ATP by

Back 52

chemiosmosis

Front 53

What type of reaction is the Calvin cylce?

Back 53

Anabolic

Front 54

Carbohydrate produced directly from the Calvin cycle?

Back 54

glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (G3P)

Front 55

What are the 3 stages of the Calvin cycle?

Back 55

Carbon fixation

Reduction

Regeneration of the CO2 acceptor

Front 56

The most abundant protein in chloroplasts (and thought to be the most abundant protein on Earth)?

Back 56

Rubisco

[ribulose biphosphate (RuBP) carboxylase-oxygenase

Front 57

For the net synthesis of one molecule of G3P, the Calvin cycle consumes?

Back 57

3 CO2

9 ATP

6 NADPH

Front 58

2 molecules of G3P =

Back 58

Glucose

Front 59

C3 plants

Back 59

Initial fixation of carbon occurs via rubisco

Front 60

Photorespiration

Back 60

When a plant uses O2 and light to make CO2

Front 61

Photorespiration is a seemingly wasteful process because

Back 61

It consumes ATP, instead of generating it (as in cellular respiration)

It produces no sugar (actually decreases photosynthetic output

Front 62

Two most important photosynthetic adaptations?

Back 62

C4 photosynthesis

crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM)

Front 63

C4 plants

Back 63

Preface the calvin cycle with an alternative mode of carbon fixation that forms a four-carbon compound as its first product

Front 64

Two distinct types of photosynthetic cells in C4 photosynthesis?

Back 64

bundle-sheath cells

mesophyll cells

Front 65

Bundle-sheath cells

Back 65

Arranged into tightly packed sheaths around the veins of the leaf

Front 66

PEP carboxylase is only found where?

Back 66

Mesophyll cells

Front 67

Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM)

Back 67

Stomata closed during the day and open at night. At night plants take up CO2 and incorporate it into a variety of organic acids.

Front 68

Overall process of photosynthesis

Back 68

Front 69

Name?

Polarity?

Configuration?

Aromaticity?

3-Letter

1-Letter

Back 69

Valine

Nonpolar

(S) , L-

Non aromatic

Val

V

Strongly hydrophobic (long alkyl side chain)