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79 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the six functions of skeletal muscle? |
Produces skeletal movement maintains posture and body position supports soft tissues guards body openings (voluntary sphincter) thermogenesis stores protein |
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The three layers of C.T (Fascia) forms what? |
Tendons, which are bundles of connective tissues. Also forms aponeurosis which are sheets of connective tissues |
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What are the three layers of C.T that form tendons called? |
Epimysium, Perimysium, Endomysium
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The Epimysium forms around? |
Muscle (organ) which is a collagen layer |
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The Perimysium forms around? |
Muscle fascicle (bundle) that contains blood vessels and nerves |
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The Endomysium forms around? |
Individual muscle fiber (cell) which is thin elastic C.T, abundant in capillaries, myosetellite cells and nerve fibers |
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A skeletal muscle fiber cell is? |
Very long, multi nucleated containing numerous mitochondria |
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Fusing many ______________ together form a skeletal muscle fiber |
Myoblasts |
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What are the three components of a skeletal muscle fiber? |
Sarcolemma, Sarcoplasm, Myofibrils |
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The sarcolemma is? |
a membrane which conducts muscle action potential (MAP) |
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The sarcoplasm is? |
the cytoplasm |
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Myofibrils are? |
long bands containing myofilaments (contractile proteins) |
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Thin myofilament are composed of three proteins which are? |
Actin, Tropmyosin and Troponin |
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Actin is? |
globular, double stranded containing myosin binding sites |
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Tropomyosin is? |
double stranded, prevents actin from interacting with mysoin |
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Troponin is? |
Globular, controlled by Ca2+ |
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Thick myofilament is composed of one protein which is? |
Myosin |
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Myosin has?
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a tail and a head with two globular protein subunits, which binds to myosin binding sites on actin |
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The sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) actively stores? |
Ca2+ |
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Terminal cisternae does what? |
It concentrates Ca2+ (via ion pumps) & release Ca2+ in to sacroplasm to initiate muscle contraction |
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Transverse (T) tubules conduct what? |
Muscle action potential (MAP) deep into a cell |
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After Transverse (T) tubules conducts MAP deep in to a cell what happens? |
Simultaneous contraction of cell |
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Triad is formed by? |
One t-tubule and two terminal cisternae |
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The sarcomere is? |
Repeated contractile units in myofibrils of a muscle fiber |
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What are the names of the striations in the sarcomere? |
I,A,H,M,Z band |
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The I band is? |
Thin filament only(light)
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The A band is? |
Thin and thick filament overlap (dark) |
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The H band is? |
Thick filament only (light) |
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The M band is? |
Middle of the sarcomere |
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The Z band is? |
ends of sarcomere |
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Z to Z line? |
Is one sarcomere shortens during contraction |
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What is happening when a muscle cell contacts? |
the cells pull on an attached tendon |
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Tension develops to overcome the weight of? |
bone (resistance) |
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Muscle cells use energy to shorten or generate tension to? |
pull on bones |
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Neuromuscular junction is? |
a muscle cell under control of a nerve cell |
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Excitation step one is? |
Nerve impulse arrives a neuromuscular junction |
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Excitation step two is? |
Ach is released & diffuses across synapse binds receptors on sarcolemma stimulates MAP Rush of NA+ |
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Excitation step three is? |
MAP travels along sarcolemma and down t tubules |
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what does MAP stand for |
muscle action potential |
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Contraction Cycle step one SR (terminal cisternae) ? |
SR (terminal cisternae) releases Ca2+ in to sarcoplasm |
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Contraction Cycle step two Ca2+? |
attaches to troponin and the complex shifts and myosin binding sites on actin are exposed |
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Contraction cycle step three cross bridge? |
Myosin heads attach to myosin binding site.
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Contraction cycle step three power stroke? |
Pivots motion and thin filaments of sarcomere slide toward M-Line using the atp stored in the myosin head |
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Contraction cycle step four recovery stroke? |
cross bridge release new apt arrives myosin reactivation |
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Relaxation? |
is if only one MAP (negative calcium) falls & pumped back into SR, active sites are re covered by tropomyosin |
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Rigor Mortis? |
Muscularcontractionafter death,ion pumpscease function, noATP, calcium buildsup in the sarcoplasm |
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A muscle cell either? |
Contracts fully or not at all |
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A twitch is ? |
A single contraction, produces tension |
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A treppe is ? |
Repeated stimulation after relaxation |
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A wave summation is? |
repeated stimulation before end of relaxation |
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A incomplete tetanus is? |
rapid stimulation, muscle does not relax |
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A complete tetanus is? |
very rapid stimulation muscle neer begins to relax |
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Isotonic contraction? |
muscle shortens - movement (concentric contraction vs. eccentric contraction) |
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Isometric contraction? |
muscle develops tension but doesn't change length - no movement |
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A motor unit is made up of? |
is made up of a motor neuron and the skeletal muscle fibers innervated by that motor neuron's axonal terminals |
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A motor unti contains 100's of? |
muscle fibers that contact at once |
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Recruitment? |
Muscle or group of muscles increasing tension is produced by increasing the number of motor units stimulated |
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Maximum tension? |
all motor units reach tetanus, sustained for short time |
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Creatine phosphate (cp) is? |
a energy reserve |
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ADP + CP = ? |
ATP + creatine |
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If reserves are used up cells produce ATP by? |
Aerobic metabolism or Anaerobic glycolysis |
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Aerobic metabolism is? |
Primary source of fatty acid contains 34 ATP |
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Anaerobic glycolysis is? |
2 ATP, glucose from glycogen |
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MuscleFatigue? |
muscles can no longer perform required activity |
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Hypertrophy? |
growth from heavy training (diameter of fibers, myofibrils,mitochondria & glycogen reserves) |
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Atrophy? |
Lack of activity ( size, tone, & power) |
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Muscular dystrophy (MD)? |
Genetic Progressive muscle weakness due todefects in muscle proteins, and the death of muscle cells |
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Myastheniagravis (MG)? |
−Autoimmune disorder −Antibodies block acetylcholine receptors −Leads to fluctuating muscle weakness −Inhibition of muscle contraction |
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Cardiac muscle functions? |
Pump blood through heart and body, controlled by pacemaker cells |
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Characteristics of cardiac muscle cell? |
–involuntary –small –striated –single nucleus –short, wide T tubules –no triads –SR without terminal cisternae–aerobic(high in myoglobin,mitochondria) –intercalateddiscs |
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Functions of smooth muscle in blood vessels? |
regulatesblood pressure and flow |
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Functions of smooth muscle in reproductive and glandular system? |
produces movement |
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Functions of smooth muscle in digestive and urinary systems? |
formssphincters, produces contractions |
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Functions of smooth muscle in integumentary system? |
Arrectorpili muscles cause “goose bumps” |
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•Smooth Muscle Cell Characteristics? |
–involuntary –single,central nucleus –noT tubules, myofibrils, or sarcomeres –thinfilaments attached to dense bodies –densebodies transmit contractions from cell to cell |
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When a muscle fatigue occurs what happens inside the muscle ? |
–Depletionofmetabolic reserves –Damageto sarcolemma and sarcoplasmic reticulum –LowpH (lactic acid) –Muscleexhaustion and pain |
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A resting muscle? |
Fatty acids are catabolized; the ATP produced is used to build energy reserves of ATP, CP and glycogen |
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Moderate Activity? |
Glucose and fatty acids are catabolized the ATP produced is used to power contraction |
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Peek activity? |
Most ATP is produced through glycolysis with lactate as a by product. Mitchochondrial activity, now provides only show about one third of ATP consumed |
