Chapter 10 - Memory

Front 1

What is *Memory*?

Back 1

Memory refers to the capacity to retain and retrieve information, and also to the structures that account for this capacity.

Front 2

What is *Source Amnesia* or *Source Misattibution*?

Back 2

The inability to distinguish what you heard or were told about an event later.

Front 3

Rembering is an *________ ________*

Back 3

Active Process

Front 4

What is *Confabulation*?

Back 4

Confusion of an event that happened to someone else with one that happened to you, or a belief that you remember something when it never actually happened.

Front 5

What is *Flasbulb Memorory*?

Back 5

The vivid remembrance of unusual, shocking or tragic events that seem to be frozen in time. The term captures the surprise, illumination, and seemingly photographic detail that characterize them.

Front 6

What is *Explicit Memory*

Back 6

Conscious, intentional recollection of an event or of an item of information.

Front 7

what is *Recall*?

Back 7

The ability to retrieve and reproduce from memory previously encountered material.

Front 8

What is *Recognition*?

Back 8

The ability to identify previous encountered material.

Front 9

What is *Implicit Memory*?

Back 9

Unconscious retention in memory, as evidenced by the effect of a previous experience or previously encountered information on current thoughts or actions.

Front 10

Define *Priming*

Back 10

A method for measuring impicit memory in which a person reads or listens to information and is later tested to see whether the information affects performance on the same or another type of task.

Front 11

Define the *Relearning Method*

Back 11

A method for measuring retention that compares the time required to relearn material with the time used in the initial learning of the material.

Front 12

The 3 basic memory process are:

Back 12

Encoding, Storage and Retieval

Front 13

What is a *Cognitive Schema*?

Back 13

Mental networks of knowledge, beliefs, and expectations concerning particular topics or aspects of the world.

Front 14

*Sensory Memory* retains:

Back 14

incoming sensory information for a second or two, until it can be processed further.

Front 15

*Short Term Memory - STM* holds:

Back 15

a limited amount of information for a brief period of time, perhaps up to 30 seconds, unless a conscious effort is made to keep it there longer.

Front 16

*Long Term Memory - LTM* accounts for:

Back 16

longer storage - from a few minutes to decades.

Front 17

What is the *Three Memory System*?

Back 17

Information that does not transfer out of sensory memory of short-term memory is assumed to be forgotten forever. Once in long-term memory, information can be retrieved for use in analyzing incoming sensory information or performing mental operations in short-term memory.

Front 18

What is *Parallel Distributed Processing* or *Connectionist* Model?

Back 18

A model of memory in which knowledge is represented as connections among thousands of interacting processing units, distributed a vast network and all operating in parallel.

Front 19

What is *Sensory Memory*?

Back 19

A memory system that momentarily preserves extremely accurate images of sensory information.

Front 20

What is *Pattern Recognition*

Back 20

The identification of a stimulus on the basis of information already contained in long-term memory.

Front 21

*Working Memory* is:

Back 21

A memory system comprising short-term memory plus the mental process that control retrieval of information from long-term memory and interpret that information appropriately for a given task.

Front 22

What is a *Chunk*?

Back 22

A meaningful unit of information; it may be composed of smaller units. Sort of like a *packet* of data in Data Networking.

Front 23

*Procedural Memories* are:

Back 23

Memories for the performance of actions of skills - *knowing how*

Front 24

*Declarative Memories* are:

Back 24

Memories of FACTS; they include semantic and episodic memories.

Front 25

What are *Semantic Memories*?

Back 25

Sub-variety of Declarative Memories, are memories of general knowledge, including facts, rules, concepts and propositions.

Front 26

What is an *Episodic Memory*?

Back 26

A sub-variety of the Declarative Memories; Episodic Memories are of personally experienced events and the contexts in which they occurred.

Front 27

What is the *Serial-Position Effect*?

Back 27

The tendency for recall of the first and last items on a list to surpass recall of items in the middle of the list.

Front 28

What is *Long-Term Potenation*?

Back 28

A long-lasting increase in the strength of synaptic responsiveness, thought to be a biological mechanism of long-term memory.

Front 29

What is *Consolidation*?

Back 29

The process by which a long-term memory becomes durable and stable.

Front 30

*Frontal Lobes* are associated with:

Back 30

Short-term memory

Front 31

Prefontal Cortex, parts of temporal lobes are associated with?

Back 31

Efficient coding (processing) of words and pictures.

Front 32

The Hippocamus is associated with:

Back 32

Formation of long-term declarative memories.

Front 33

The cerebellum is associated with:

Back 33

Formation and retention of simple classically conditioned responses.

Front 34

The cerebral cortex is associated with:

Back 34

Storage of long-term memories.

Front 35

*Rehersal* is a technique that:

Back 35

Assists in keeping information in short-term memory and increasing the chances of long-term retention; the review and practice of material while you are learning it.

Front 36

*Maintenance Rehersal* is:

Back 36

Rote repetition of material in order to maintain it's availability.

Front 37

*Elaborative Rehersal* is:

Back 37

Association of new information with already stored knowledge and analysis of the new information to make it memorable.

Front 38

*Deep Processing* is:

Back 38

The encoding of infromation, the processing of meaning rather than simply the physical or sensory features of a stimulus.

Front 39

*Mnemonics* is:

Back 39

Strategies and tricks for improving memory, such as the use of a verse or a formula.

Front 40

What are the 5 mechanisms to account for forgetting? DRICR

Back 40

1. Decay, 2. Replacement, 3. Interference, 4. Cue-Dependant, and 5. Repression - DRICR

Front 41

the *Decay Therory* is:

Back 41

The theory that information in memory eventually disappers if it is not acdcessed; it applies better to short-term than to long-term memory.

Front 42

*Replacement Theory* is:

Back 42

Holds that NEW Information entering memory can wipe out the old information, just as rerecording on an autdiotape, obliterating the original material.

Front 43

*Retroactive Interference* is:

Back 43

Holds that forgetting occurs because similar items interfere or compete with one another in storage or retrieval.

Front 44

What is *Proactive Interference*?

Back 44

Forgetting that occurs when previously stored material interferes with the ability to remember similar, more recently learned material.

Front 45

*Cue-Dependent Forgetting* is:

Back 45

The inability to retrieve information stored in memory because of insufficient cues for recall.

Front 46

What is *State-Dependent Memory*?

Back 46

The tendency to remember something when the rememberer is in the same physical or mental state as during the original learning or experience.

Front 47

Define *Psychogenic Amenesia*:

Back 47

The partial or complete loss of memory (due to non-organic causes) for threatening information or traumatic experiences.

Front 48

Define *Repression*:

Back 48

The psychoanalytic (Freud) theory, the selective, involuntary pushing of threatening or upsetting information into the unconscious.

Front 49

What is *Childhood - Infantile - Amesia*?

Back 49

The inability to remember events and experiences that occured during the first two or three years of life.