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39 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Perception
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Collection, interpretation, and recognition of stimuli, including pain.
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Cognition
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Intelligence, memory, language, and decision making
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Cognition and perception are connected to?
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Functioning of the central nervous system and the senses of vision, hearing, touch, smell, and taste
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The environment stimulates the senses then?
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The senses pass stimuli into the cerebral cortex, where PERCEPTION (recognition) and COGNITION (interpretation) occur.
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PRESBYOPIA
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FARSIGHTED, caused by a loss of elasticity of the lens and results in decrease in the power of accommodation
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CATARACTS
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Cloud the lens and result in blurred vision and sensitivity to glare.
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PRESBYCUSIS
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loss of hearing acuity, mainly in higher- pitched sounds
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OTOSCLEROSIS
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loss of hearing resulting from decreased sound transmission
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What can cause tinnitus?
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Meniere's disease, age, some medicines, especially myacin medications.
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Connections between nerve fibers of the cerebral cortex
(cognition development) |
Each time stimuli are introduced to the brain, they are associated with the pool of facts, memories, and experiences that are stored there. Once connections are established, info is learned.
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Memory enables:
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people to retain and recall experienced sensations, ideas, concepts, impressions, and all info that has been learned.
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Human mind:
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able to retrieve info on demand, correlate random info, make judgments, solve problems, and create ideas
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IQ can be deceptive because...
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there are different types of intelligence, and standardized testing procedures do not measure all types of intelligence.
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FLUID INTELLIGENCE
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ability to perform tasks or make judgments based on unfamiliar stimuli. "Thinking on your feet"
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CRYSTALLIZED INTELLIGENCE
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"wisdom" ability to perform tasks and make judgments based on knowledge and experiences throughout life.
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APHASIA
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condition in which people are unable to understand or express themselves through language.
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Indicators of hearing loss
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-difficulty understanding women and children
-trouble following a conversation -difficulty hearing over a phone -complaints that other people are mumbling -increased volume of radio of tv -straining to hear conversation at a normal volume |
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Common problems with aging
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Speed at which info is processed and recalled changes.
Take longer to recall specific info. Short-term memory is more likely to be affected. Some degree of forgetfulness or memory loss is common. |
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Risk factors related to cognition and perception
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Vision problems
Hearing problems Dementia Disturbed cerebral circulation Meds |
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HEMIANOPSIA
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Portion of visual field is lost
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cognitive function can be affected by:
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Sensory changes.
Physiologic factors. Emotional Disorders. |
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Treatable causes of PSEUDODEMENTIA
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Depression, hypothyroidism, and vitamin deficiencies
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CONFUSION
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Mental state characterized by disorientation regarding time, place, or person that leads to bewilderment, perplexity, lack of orderly thought, and the inability to choose or act decisively and to perform activities of daily living.
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3 major forms of confusion:
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Acute confusion, idiopathic confusion, and dementia.
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ACUTE CONFUSION
(delirium) |
Disturbances in cognition, attention, memory, and perception.
Usually caused by; uncontrolled pain, infection, metabolic disturbances, vitamin deficiencies, uremia, hypoxia, hypercalcemia, myocardial infarction, constipation, toxicity, and drug withdrawal |
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Acute delirium
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Characterized by rapid mood swings, disorganized sleep cycles, changes in psychomotor activity, tremors, or spasmodic activity, rapid speech patterns, loss of attention, and wide range of cognitive changes.
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Idiopathic Confusion
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Likely to occur when there is a stressful disturbance in lifestyle or life patterns such as, death of a loved one, depression, or relocation to a hospital or new living quarters.
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Symptoms of idiopathic confusion
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Appetite changes, loss of interest, changes in sleep patterns, agitation, feeling worthless or guilt, fatigue
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Dementia
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Slow, insidious process that results in progressive loss of cognitive function.
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Dementia is caused by:
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Damage to the cerebral cortex that is most commonly a result of disease conditions, multiple infarcts of the cerebrum secondary to stroke, and other pathologic conditions to the brain.
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Dementia characteristics:
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Changes in memory, judgment, language, math calculations, abstract reasoning, and problem-solving ability, impulsive behavior, stupor, confusion, and disorientation.
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Common behaviors with advanced dementia:
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Wandering, catastrophic reactions, combative behaviors, suspiciousness, and hallucinations or delusions.
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Speech requires:
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Functioning of the brain, cranial nerves, pharynx, larynx, and lungs.
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Normal speech in older adults:
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Slower, softer, less fluent, less rhythmic, and breathier than in younger adults.
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DYSARTHRIA
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Difficult, poorly articulated speech, resulting from interference in the control and execution over the muscles of speech
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2 regions of the brain that play key roles in language and speech:
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1) Broca's area, located in the posterior frontal lobe
2) Wernicke's area- located in the posterior temporal lobe. |
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Most common types of aphasia
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-receptive aphasia: person has difficulty understanding language.
- Expressive aphasia: Person is unable to express himself using language. -Global aphasia: person loses the ability both to understand language and to express language. |
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BROCA'S APHASIA
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Person is able to understand verbal and written language but is unable to speak words fluently.
-area of the brain that coordinates the muscles of speech is damaged. -Expressive or motor |
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WERNICKE'S APHASIA
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Person is able to speak but the words produced may be nonsensical or have little connection with reality.
-receptive or sensory |